Collaborative Research: Moved by the State (MOVE)

该合作研究项目由Peter Schweitzer和Tim Heleniak博士共同完成，是欧洲科学基金会、欧洲核心项目、BOREAS下一个大型国际合作项目的美国部分。整个ESF项目是来自五个国家的研究人员的合作，包括美国、加拿大、俄罗斯、格陵兰和芬兰。这些特别的项目代表了美国国家科学基金会对BOREAS工作的一部分贡献，重点关注20世纪和21世纪北极地区土著和非土著社区的地方和区域背景以及国家赞助和实施的重新安置计划的影响。利用经济地理学和人口地理学的工具，Heleniak项目的目的是记录和分析整个北极地区经济活动和定居模式的空间分布变化。该项目旨在比较，空间和时间。这项工作的一个主要组成部分将是将过去15年在俄罗斯北部发生的事件与其他北部地区的局势进行比较。苏联解体、俄罗斯经济转型和社会自由化对俄罗斯北方以及北方地区之间的关系产生了深远的影响。一个问题是，俄罗斯北部是否开始像其他地方的其他北部地区一样，或者过去的发展和定居模式是否会继续下去。这项分析的一个主要组成部分将是整个北方经济活动和人口分布的地理数据库。其他关于北极或北方的地理数据库或GIS（地理信息系统）也已编制完成，强调北方地区自然特征的变化，其中许多强调气候变化对这些地区的影响。拟议的地理数据库将强调环极北极的经济和人类方面以及这些属性的变化。该项目对不同的极地迁移和重新安置运动进行的比较分析将对对极地问题感兴趣的学术研究人员社区具有相关性和智力价值。本项目中提出的广泛的比较方法，以及在其他地理尺度的其他项目中采用的比较方法的结合，将大大有助于我们的理论理解。本项目制定的经济和人口变化模型将对处理极地周边问题的其他学者和决策者产生更广泛的影响和相关性。随着气候变化和其他因素在未来几十年对北极的影响，整个北极圈北极地区的经济和人口特征地理数据库将对这两个群体都有价值。为了加强这些更广泛的影响，将进行外联努力，以确保广泛分发项目中收集的数据和进行的分析。施韦策将在希什马雷夫、基瓦利纳、纽托克和阿拉斯加许多其他沿海社区的居民中进行研究，这些社区面临着侵蚀，因此，由于严重的风暴事件和气候变化的其他后果，他们的居民区正在丧失。楚科奇的Naukan和Chaplino以及阿拉斯加的King Island的前居民及其后代对近50年前的搬迁有着强烈的记忆。楚科奇半岛许多社区的土著居民经历了一波又一波的村庄扩张和收缩，这可能是由于驯鹿牧民的定居，俄罗斯人和其他移民的大量涌入，或者自1990年以来他们迅速向外迁移。2005年夏天，费尔班克斯附近的一个空军基地面临关闭的威胁，引发了社区抗议，并引发了经济和社会衰退。与此同时，费尔班克斯的非土著人口中有很大一部分是在20世纪70年代中期跨阿拉斯加管道建设期间或之后到达的，这一事件是“老定居者”和“新定居者”之间的分界线。上述所有案例都是指过去和未来由外部力量引发的人口流动，无论是国家直接干预，市场力量还是自然环境的变化。它们的特点还包括对过去事件和环境的记忆，以及对未来的推测，简而言之，是适应不断变化的环境的叙事方式。尽管有这些相似之处，但这些例子和其他例子有一些重要的不同之处。最明显的是，阿拉斯加和楚科奇似乎代表了两种截然相反的经验，关于国家在人口流动中的作用。虽然楚科奇经常接受苏联和后苏联形式的社会工程，但阿拉斯加似乎相对没有受到这种干预。然而，仔细观察就会发现，由于各种不同的原因，阿拉斯加也有许多小规模的社区被关闭或搬迁。与此同时，在经济繁荣时期，非土著人民大量涌入，其中许多是由国家发起或管制的。进行这项研究的最令人信服的原因之一是，在整个20世纪和21世纪，几乎没有任何关于阿拉斯加和楚科奇农村地区特征的各种搬迁现象的文献记录。第一个目标是记录已经发生和正在发生的事情，这不仅具有学术重要性，而且与受影响的社区高度相关。第二个目标是集中于四个或更多的个案研究，除了提供更深入的文件外，还将使人们更好地了解造成搬迁事件的积极和消极影响的因素。这解决了关于社区身份的创造和再创造以及“地方”在这些过程中的重要性的重要问题。这个项目的另一个令人信服的原因是它的新的比较方法。然而，这项研究的另一个原因是它强调的是人们自己。这个项目超越了事件的一般历史，并深入研究了它们的影响和感知。

ABSTRACTARC 0713896 & 0725654This collaborative research project, PI Peter Schweitzer and PI Tim Heleniak, is the US portion of a larger international collaboration that was conceived under the European Science Foundation, EUROCORES Programme, BOREAS. The full ESF project is a collaboration of researchers from five countries, including the US, Canada, Russia, Greenland, and Finland. These particular projects, which represent a portion of the US NSF contribution to the BOREAS effort, focus on the local and regional context and impacts of state sponsored and implemented resettlement programs, of indigenous and non-indigenous communities, in the Arctic in the 20th and 21st centuries. Using the tools of economic geography and population geography, the aim of Heleniak's project will be to document and analyze changes in the spatial distribution of economic activity and settlements patterns across the circumpolar North. The project aims to be comparative, spatial, and temporal. A major component of this will be to examine the events of the past decade and a half in the Russian North against the situation in other northern regions. The breakup of the Soviet Union, transition of the Russian economy, and liberalization of society has had profound consequences for the Russian North as well as on relations among northern regions. A question is whether the Russian North is beginning to resemble other northern regions elsewhere or whether the past patterns of development and settlement will remain.A major component upon which the analysis will be based will be a geodatabase of economic activity and population distribution across the North. Other geodatabases or GIS (geographic information systems) have been compiled on the Arctic or the North that emphasize changes in physical characteristics of northern regions, many emphasizing the impact of climatic change on these regions. The proposed geodatabase would emphasize the economic and human aspects of the circumpolar North and changes in these attributes.The comparative analysis that the project is taking of the diverse circumpolar migration and resettlements movements will have relevance and intellectual merit for the community of academic researchers interested in circumpolar issues. The combination of the broad comparative approach proposed in this project, along with comparative approaches being undertaken in the other projects at other geographic scales will contribute significantly to our theoretical understanding.The models of economic and population change developed in this project will have broader impact and relevance for other academics and policy makers dealing with circumpolar issues. The geodatabase of economic and demographic characteristics across the circumpolar North will be of value to both groups as climate change and other factors impact on the North in the decades ahead. In order to enhance these broader impacts, outreach efforts will be undertaken to ensure wide distribution of the data collected and analysis undertaken in the project.Schweitzer will conduct research among the Residents of Shishmaref, Kivalina, Newtok, and many other coastal communities of Alaska facing erosion and, thus, the loss of their residential areas due to severe storm events and other consequences of a changing climate. The former residents and their descendants of Naukan and Chaplino in Chukotka and of King Island in Alaska preserve strong memories of being relocated almost 50 years ago. The indigenous residents many communities on the Chukchi Peninsula have experienced waves of expansion and contraction of their villages, be it due to the sedentarization of reindeer herders, the mass influx of Russians and other incomers, or their rapid out-migration since 1990. During the summer of 2005, the threat of the closure of an Air Force Base in the vicinity of Fairbanks spurred community protests and scenarios of economic and social decay. At the same time, a good portion of the non-indigenous population of Fairbanks is characterized by having arrived during or after the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline in the mid-1970s, an event which serves as a dividing line between "old settlers" from "new settlers".All of the cases mentioned above refer to past and future population movements triggered by outside forces, be they direct state intervention, market forces, or changes in the natural environment. All of them are also characterized by memories of past events and conditions, as well as by speculations about the future, in short by narrative ways of adapting to changing conditions. Notwithstanding these similarities, these and other examples are defined by a number of important differences. Most obviously, Alaska and Chukotka seem to represent two diametrically opposed experiences regarding the role of the state in population movements. While Chukotka has been the frequent recipient of Soviet and post-Soviet forms of social engineering, Alaska seems to have been relatively free from such interventions. A closer look, however, reveals that also in Alaska many small-scale communities have been closed or relocated, for a variety of different reasons. At the same time, large influxes of non-indigenous people occurred during economic boom periods, many of which were either initiated or regulated by the state. One of the most compelling reasons for conducting this research is that there is hardly any documentation of the diverse relocation phenomena which have characterized Alaska and rural Chukotka throughout the 20th century and into the 21st. The first goal of documenting what has happened and continues to happen is both of scholarly importance, as well as highly relevant to affected communities. The second goal of focusing on four or more case studies will, apart from providing more in-depth documentation, result in a better understanding of the factors which contribute to positive and negative effects of relocation events. This addresses important issues regarding the creation and re-creation of community identity and the importance of "place" in these processes. Another compelling reason for this project is its new, comparative approach. Yet another reason for this study is its emphasis on the people themselves. This project reaches beyond a general history of events and delves into their impacts and perceptions thereof.