NER: Representations of Active Nanostructures Across Scientific, Popular, and Policy Realms of Discourse

主动纳米结构在科学、大众和政策领域的代表性论述理查德·巴克、贾德·雷迪、艾伦·波特和丽莎·亚泽克格鲁吉亚理工学院主动纳米结构和纳米系统（ANN）的出现将以与以往技术革命不同且更快的方式挑战现有的经济、社会和政治体系。人工神经网络的效果将是完全不熟悉的、以前经历过的和大致类似的组合。人工神经网络的好处和风险将如何理解和描述，社会和政治系统将如何应对这些变化？作者将使用科学和大众传播的熟悉和新的方法来弥合科学和技术知识，公众理解和政策反应之间的差距。研究正在进行中，以分析公众对纳米技术的理解，以确定他们可能的担忧和恐惧，让公众参与关于该技术的风险和益处的理性，知情的对话，但我们还需要了解有关人工神经网络的监管政策将如何通过风险和益处的感知之间的相互作用以及使用叙述，隐喻，和意象在多个领域的交流。该项目将研究科学家、公众和政策制定者之间关于“如何监管活性纳米结构和纳米系统”的沟通如何通过他们理解和描述三个通信领域的新兴技术的方式来塑造。科学、公共和政策领域的分歧可能会对人工神经网络的新监管体系如何平衡风险和收益产生深远影响。该项目将借鉴并促进对风险认知，科学和监管政策的研究;技术文本的计算机辅助分析;电子和光子学中的纳米技术研究;文学研究和科学/技术小说。作为一个更大的研究的第一个探索阶段，该项目将包括三个相互关联的部分，每个部分都借鉴了不同的知识传统和方法论，但汇聚在一起，为科学，大众和决策领域之间的思想流动提供了一个独特的视角。首先，文学分析的技术将被用来检查隐喻，比喻和故事类型的使用（例如，“奇妙的旅程”、“邪恶的科学家”、“蜂群”），它们构建了科学家和作家用来交流新科学和技术的叙事。第二，人工神经网络在科学和其他文献中的特征将使用强大的文本挖掘技术进行探索，查看术语出现或共现，这将与基于阅读的方法相结合。第三，话语分析将被用来检查联盟之间的通信，可能会形成政策辩论的支持和监管纳米技术在美国政府。我们的目标是了解概念和隐喻的起源，采用，演变和使用，这些概念和隐喻既可以实现也可以限制革命性技术步骤的科学，公众和政治理解。

ABSTRACTREPRESENTATIONS OF ACTIVE NANOSTRUCTURES ACROSS SCIENTIFIC, POPULAR, AND POLICY REALMS OF DISCOURSE Richard Barke, Jud Ready, Alan Porter, and Lisa Yaszek Georgia Institute of Technology The emergence of active nanostructures and nanosystems (ANN) will challenge existing economic, social, and political systems in ways that are qualitatively different and much more rapid than previous technological revolutions. The effects of ANN will be a combination of the completely unfamiliar, the previously experienced, and the roughly analogous. How will the benefits and risks of ANN be understood and described, and how will social and political systems respond to these changes? Writers will use both familiar and new methods of scientific and popular communication to bridge the gaps between scientific and technical knowledge, public understanding, and policy responses. Studies are underway to analyze the public's understanding of nanotechnology, to determine their likely concerns and fears, to engage the public in a rational, informed dialogue about the risks and benefits of the technology, but we also need to understand how regulatory policy regarding ANN will be shaped by interactions among perceptions of risks and benefits and by the framing of issues using narratives, metaphors, and imagery across several realms of discourse. This project will study how communications among scientists, the public, and policymakers about "how to regulate active nanostructures and nanosystems" are shaped by the way they understand and describe the emerging technology across three spheres of communication. Disjunctions among the scientific, public, and policy realms of discourse could have profound effects on how new regulatory systems for ANN will attempt to balance risks and benefits. This project will draw upon and contribute to research on risk perception, science, and regulatory policy; computer-aided analysis of technical text; nanotechnology research in electronics and photonics; and literary studies and science/technology fiction. As the first exploratory phase of a larger study, this project will consist of three interrelated parts, each drawing on different intellectual traditions and methodologies, but converging to offer a unique perspective on the flow of ideas among the scientific, popular, and policymaking realms. First, techniques of literary analysis will be used to examine the use of metaphors, tropes, and story types (e.g., "fantastic journeys," "evil scientists," "swarms") that construct narratives used by scientists and writers to communicate about new sciences and technologies. Second, characterizations of ANN in scientific and other literature will be explored using powerful text-mining techniques, looking at term occurrences or co-occurrences, which will be meshed with reading-based approaches. Third, discourse analysis will be used examine communications among coalitions that are likely to shape policy debates about support for and regulation of nanotechnology in the US government. The goal is to understand the origins, adoption, evolution, and use of concepts and metaphors that both enable and constrain the scientific, public, and political understanding of a revolutionary technological step.