Collaborative Research: Multi-Scale Study of Lake Breezes and the Impact of Marine Boundary Layers on Convection in the Great Lakes Region

合作研究：湖风的多尺度研究以及海洋边界层对五大湖区对流的影响

• 批准号: 0711033
• 负责人: David Kristovich
• 金额: $ 30.2万
• 依托单位: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-09-01 至 2012-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0711033&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Multi; Scale; Study

Coastal zones of the United States are crucially important to many aspects of society. More than half of the United States population lives within 80 km of a coastline and greater than 40 million people reside in the Great Lakes region. Great Lakes lake breezes, which occur most often during the spring and summer months, can have large economic, societal, and climatic impacts on coastal regions. Lake-breeze circulations can significantly modify the near coastal environments by providing cooler temperatures, affecting the development of severe thunderstorms, influencing precipitation amounts and locations, and altering air pollution concentrations and transport. Despite considerable research on lake breezes, and to a lesser amount on lake-cooled, stable marine boundary layers, limited fundamental scientific understanding of several important areas remain. A number of numerical modeling and laboratory studies suggest that urban areas have large impacts on lake-breeze (or similar sea-breeze) circulations, generally resulting in a decrease in inland movement after the lake-breeze front has reached the urban center. At present, there exists very limited observational information on how sea- and lake-breezes typically move in the vicinity of near-shore urban areas as compared to non-urban areas. A preliminary investigation of lake-breeze frontal movement through two urban areas in the Great Lakes suggests that the expected decrease in inland movement occurs infrequently. This research seeks to determine the variability of lake-breeze movement in these areas and examine the environmental conditions that contribute to the spatial and temporal variations. There has been recent interest within the meteorological community in examining and understanding the connections between mesoscale systems and climate variability. Great Lakes lake breezes provide an exceptional opportunity to examine this issue. Past investigations of lake-breeze occurrence have examined a limited number of locations in the Great Lakes region over varying timescales. These studies have provided important, but incomplete, information about the spatial and temporal variability of lake breezes. This research seeks to quantify the inter-annual, intra-seasonal, and spatial variations in Great Lakes lake-breeze occurrence and determine their impact on near-shore climate conditions. Few studies have examined the influence of the warm-season marine boundary layers on convective systems and the precipitation distribution in the Great Lakes region. In fact, the forecasting community continues to assert that one of the most significant summer forecast challenges in the Great Lakes region is the impact, if any, that the marine layer will have on an existing convective system as it crosses a lake. This research seeks to address the gap of knowledge on this issue by understanding the relationship between the evolution of convective systems and marine layer stability and environmental conditions.Intellectual Merit: Results of the studies will provide new insight into several areas of limited and often conflicting scientific understanding: (a) the influence of urban areas on lake-breeze fronts and the impact of environmental conditions on the lake breeze response to urban areas, (b) the inter-annual, intra-seasonal, and spatial variability of lake breezes and their influence on coastal climate conditions, and (c) the interaction of convective systems with lake-cooled marine boundary layers. These studies will address several fundamental aspects of lake breezes and significantly contribute to the understanding of the impact the Great Lakes have on coastal urban areas, severe weather and precipitation systems, and regional climate conditions. Broader Impacts: Results of the studies will provide an enhanced understanding of coastal meteorology which affects a host of activities related to commerce, industry, transportation, health, safety, recreation, and national defense. As recently recommended to the larger atmospheric science community, the research will examine air-land interactions, the effects of land-sea breezes, and the climatology of mesoscale systems through the use of observational data subsequently allowing for improved evaluation of regional climate simulations. In addition, the research will notably contribute to benefiting the next generation of scientists. Undergraduate students will be involved through participation in the established summer research program at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Graduate students will benefit by active participation in a successful research program at the University of Illinois and Illinois State Water Survey. Results will be widely communicated to the scientific community through journal articles and conference presentations and to the operational forecast and air quality communities through regional workshops and presentations.

美国的沿海地区对于社会许多方面至关重要。 超过一半的美国人口居住在海岸线的80公里以内，大湖区居住着超过4000万人。 大湖湖湖的微风通常发生在春季和夏季，可能会对沿海地区产生巨大的经济，社会和气候影响。 湖泊循环可以通过提供较冷的温度来显着改变近沿海环境，影响严重雷暴的发展，影响降水量和位置，并改变空气污染的浓度和运输。 尽管对微风的湖泊进行了大量研究，并且对湖泊冷却，稳定的海洋边界层的数量较低，但对几个重要领域的基本科学理解仍然有限。许多数值建模和实验室研究表明，城市地区对湖泊的湖泊（或类似的海风）循环产生了很大的影响，通常导致湖泊前线到达城市中心后内陆运动的减少。 目前，与非城市地区相比，有关海洋和湖泊冰期通常如何在近岸城市地区移动的观察性信息非常有限。 对大湖区两个城市地区的湖泊额叶运动的初步研究表明，内陆运动的预期下降很少发生。 这项研究旨在确定这些区域中湖泊冻结运动的变异性，并检查有助于空间和时间变化的环境条件。气象界最近一直在研究和了解中尺度系统与气候变异性之间的联系。 大湖区的微风为研究这个问题提供了极大的机会。 过去对湖泊湖发生的调查检查了大湖区在不同时间尺度上的数量有限的地点。 这些研究提供了有关微风湖的空间和时间变化的重要但不完整的信息。 这项研究旨在量化大湖区湖泊湖中发生的青年，季节内和空间变化，并确定它们对近岸气候条件的影响。很少有研究检查了暖季海洋边界层对对流系统和大湖区降水分布的影响。 实际上，预测社区继续断言，大湖地区最重要的夏季预测挑战之一就是海洋层越过湖泊时，海洋层将对现有的对流系统产生影响。 This research seeks to address the gap of knowledge on this issue by understanding the relationship between the evolution of convective systems and marine layer stability and environmental conditions.Intellectual Merit: Results of the studies will provide new insight into several areas of limited and often conflicting scientific understanding: (a) the influence of urban areas on lake-breeze fronts and the impact of environmental conditions on the lake breeze response to urban areas, (b) the inter-annual, intra-seasonal, and湖泊微风的空间变异及其对沿海气候条件的影响，以及（c）对流系统与湖泊冷却海洋边界层的相互作用。 这些研究将解决微风湖的几个基本方面，并显着有助于理解大湖区对沿海城市地区，恶劣天气和降水系统以及地区气候条件的影响。更广泛的影响：研究结果将提供对沿海气象学的增强理解，这会影响与商业，工业，运输，健康，安全，娱乐和国防有关的一系列活动。 正如最近推荐给更大的大气科学界的那样，该研究将通过使用观察数据，随后允许改进对区域气候模拟的评估，从而研究空气陆地相互作用，土地海风的影响以及中尺度系统的气候。 此外，这项研究将显着有助于使下一代科学家受益。本科生将通过参加霍巴特和威廉·史密斯学院的夏季研究计划参与其中。 研究生将通过积极参加伊利诺伊大学和伊利诺伊州水域的成功研究计划而受益。 结果将通过期刊文章和会议演讲以及通过区域研讨会和演讲来广泛传达科学界，以及运营预测和空气质量社区。