Collaborative Proposal: Indigenous-State Relations in Alaska and Beyond:Sustainable Livelihoods, Biocultural Diversity and Health Since the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act

在国家与土著人民之间，特别是在环北极地区的国家制度中，土著人民之间已经形成了各种各样的土地和资源管理制度。这个项目比较了阿拉斯加东南部和西北部的特林吉特人和因纽特人之间国家土著系统的演变。具体而言，该项目分析了1971年阿拉斯加原住民索赔解决法案（ANCSA）商业公司的创建如何改变了原住民、州政府、生态系统和区域-全球经济之间的制度安排，并通过可持续生计评估对土著群体的生物文化健康做出了特殊贡献。ANCSA公司作为独特的种族和基于社会文化的机构，对各种形式的资本的相对重要性持有独特的观点（与传统公司及其股东相比），包括自然、物质、政治、金融、人力、社会和文化资本，这些资本结合起来支持可持续生计，减轻各种生态、政治经济和社会文化压力的脆弱性。在其发展过程中，非洲国家集团试图以截然不同的方式平衡这些不同形式的资本，从而产生各种结果，从增加财政、自然资源和社会安全到增加经济脆弱性和环境退化。为了理解结果的多样性，该项目评估了作为可持续发展比较分析框架的本土国家机构治理的四个维度：1)土地选择、管理和产权（自然资本和金融资本）；2)资源保护和开发（自然资本和物质资本）；3)社会政治组织、领导和不平等（人力、政治和社会资本）；4)文化保护和振兴（社会文化资本）。虽然在分析上是可分离的，但该项目表明，在实践中，这四个方面如何在各种层面上相互关联，这些层面有助于（或无益于）土著社区的生物文化多样性和健康。数据来自已发表和未发表的文献综述、人口统计和社会经济数据分析、对阿拉斯加原住民、ANCSA公司领导人和其他利益相关者的保密访谈以及参与者观察。当地土著社区参与了研究的所有阶段，研究结果将公布，并与参与的特林吉特和因努皮克公司和社区分享，并用于更好地了解其公司在促进可持续生计方面所发挥的历史作用，以及如何最好地指导工作以确保未来的健康发展。这项调查的更广泛意义在于，它将通过解决北美及其他地区土著国家关系和决策的关键跨文化层面，促进我们对可持续生计和生物文化健康的理解。阿拉斯加本土公司是独特的混合机构，拥有35年的发展记录。其他土著人民，包括加拿大的特林吉特人和因纽特人，也对阿拉斯加模式很感兴趣，但这个项目是第一个对阿拉斯加土著公司作为整体文化机构而不是简单的商业公司进行多维比较研究的项目。在这个环境和社会快速变化的时代，在环境资源、社会政治和文化权利方面的冲突和压力不断扩大，本研究将为评估各国和土著人民如何在不牺牲文化或环境完整性的情况下，在21世纪最好地实现可持续生计提供有用的框架和基准。

A wide variety of land and resource management regimes have evolved between states and indigenous peoples and among indigenous peoples in particular state regimes in the circumpolar north. This project compares the evolution of state-indigenous systems among the Tlingit and Inuit peoples of Southeast and Northwest Alaska and Canada. Specifically, the project analyzes how the creation of Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) business corporations in 1971 transformed institutional arrangements between Natives, state governments, ecosystems, and regional-global economies, and has contributed to particular outcomes in indigenous groups' biocultural health as measured by the sustainable livelihoods assessment. ANCSA corporations, as distinct ethnic and placed based sociocultural institutions, hold unique perspectives (in contrast to conventional corporations and their shareholders) on the relative importance of the various forms of capital - including natural, physical, political, financial, human, social and cultural capital - that in combination support sustainable livelihoods and mitigate against vulnerabilities from a variety of ecological, political-economic, and socio-cultural stresses. In their development ANCSA corporations have sought to balance these various forms of capital in significantly different ways leading to a variety of outcomes, from increased financial, natural resources, and social security to increased economic vulnerability and environmental degradation. To understand the diversity of outcomes the project evaluates four dimensions of indigenous-state institutional governance as a framework for comparative analysis of sustainable development: 1) land selection, management, and property rights (natural and financial capital); 2) resource conservation and development (natural and physical capital); 3) sociopolitical organization, leadership and inequality (human, political, and social capital); and 4) cultural conservation and revitalization (social and cultural capital). While analytically separable, the project shows how, in practice, these four dimensions interrelate on a variety of levels which contribute (or fail to contribute) to the biocultural diversity and health of indigenous communities. Data are drawn from reviews of the published and unpublished literature, analysis of demographic and socioeconomic data, confidential interviews with Alaska Natives, ANCSA corporate leaders, and other stakeholders, and participant observation. Local Native communities are involved in all phases of the research and the results will be published and shared with the participating Tlingit and Inupiaq corporations and communities and used to better understand the historical role their corporations have played in promoting sustainable livelihoods, and how effort might be best directed to insure healthy development in the future. The broader significance of this inquiry is that it will advance our understanding of sustainable livelihoods and biocultural health by addressing key cross-cultural dimensions of indigenous-state relations and policy-making in North America and beyond. Alaska Native Corporations are unique hybrid institutions with a 35-year track record of development. Other indigenous peoples, including Tlingit and Inuit peoples of Canada, have been iinterested in the Alaska model, but this project is the first to provide a multidimensional comparative study of Alaska Native corporations as total cultural institutions rather than simple business corporations. In this era of rapid environmental and social change and expanding conflicts and stress over environmental resources and sociopolitical and cultural rights, this study will provide a useful framework and benchmark for assessing how states and indigenous peoples can best achieve sustainable livelihoods in the twenty-first century without sacrificing cultural or environmental integrity.