The Integrated Behavioral Phenotype: Links Among Functionally Different Behavioral Traits

综合行为表型：功能不同的行为特征之间的联系多种行为特征之间的关联，如交配行为、领地行为和反捕食者行为，可以限制动物S行为的潜在变异，自然选择可以对其起作用。因此，这些相关性可能会影响行为进化的进程。然而，很少有人在自然动物种群中对它们进行研究。这项研究将检验三种行为特征之间的相关性：交配表现、反捕食者行为和打斗行为，以及这些相关性在田野蟋蟀自然种群Gryllus Integer中的后果。此前的证据表明，交配表演(歌声)较明显的雄性蟋蟀对被捕食的风险比表现得不那么明显的雄性蟋蟀更加谨慎。这一证据还表明，攻击性较强的雄性比攻击性较弱的雄性对捕食风险不那么谨慎。该项目分为三个部分，并建立在这一先前证据的基础上。第一部分将比较赢得战斗的雄性的交配展示和反捕食者行为与输掉战斗的雄性的交配展示和反捕食者行为。这将产生关于交配展示、反捕食者行为和自然动物种群中战斗能力之间联系的新信息。第二部分将验证这一预测，即在捕食者存在的情况下，攻击性较强的雄性比攻击性较弱的雄性存活率更低，因为它们对捕食风险不那么谨慎。最后一部分将确定女性的交配偏好是否能够预测哪些男性会赢得战斗，并将阐明男性攻击性与女性择偶之间的关系。该项目将有助于培训和发展至少九名本科生和几名研究生，其中许多人将是少数群体和妇女。该项目还将涉及国际合作，并继续参与针对弱势学童的外展计划。

Ann Hedrick, IOS-0716332The integrated behavioral phenotype: links among functionally different behavioral traits Correlations among multiple kinds of behavioral traits, such as mating behavior, territorial behavior and anti-predator behavior, can limit the potential variation in an animal''s behavior on which natural selection can act. These correlations therefore may influence the course of behavioral evolution. However, they have rarely been studied in natural populations of animals. This research will examine correlations among three behavioral traits: mating displays, anti-predator behavior and fighting behavior, as well as the consequences of these correlations in a natural population of field crickets, Gryllus integer. Previous evidence shows that male crickets with more conspicuous mating displays (songs) are more cautious about the risk of predation than males with less conspicuous displays. This evidence also suggests that more aggressive males are less cautious about predation risk than less aggressive males. The project has three parts, and builds on this prior evidence. The first part will compare the mating displays and anti-predator behavior of males that win fights with the mating displays and anti-predator behavior of males that lose fights. This will yield new information on the links between mating displays, anti-predator behavior and fighting ability in a natural population of animals. The second part will test the prediction that more aggressive males will have lower survival in the presence of predators than less aggressive males because they are less cautious about the risk of predation. The last part will determine whether female mating preferences can predict which males will win fights, and will illuminate the relationship between male aggression and female choice of mates. This project will contribute to the training and development of at least nine undergraduates and several graduate students, many of whom will be minorities and women. The project also will involve international collaboration and continued participation in an outreach program for disadvantaged schoolchildren.