Delayed Dispersal: Teasing Apart the Effects of Resources and Parents

延迟分散：梳理资源和父母的影响

• 批准号: 0718416
• 负责人: Janis Dickinson
• 金额: $ 46.21万
• 依托单位: Cornell University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-09-01 至 2013-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0718416&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Delayed; Dispersal; Teasing; Apart; Effects

In birds, as in humans, young sometimes remain at home with their parents long after the usual age of independence. In human agricultural societies, it is usually males, particularly first-born sons, that remain at home and the extent of family wealth, measured as farmland, is a key factor. Males also tend to be the gender that stays home in birds and this leads to a variety of interesting consequences, including cooperative breeding, where sons provide aid by feeding chicks in their parents' nest, or less obvious social behaviors such as communal roosting, cooperative defense of the territory, and food-sharing by family members. Like humans, western bluebirds ?own? land in the form of defended territories with mistletoe, which provides a continuous supply of berries over the winter. Like farmers, the bluebirds ?plant? the seeds of mistletoe by passing the berries through their guts, leaving the seeds still viable and surrounded by a sticky coating that helps them to adhere to limbs and grow. Western bluebird sons and some daughters tend to stay home with their parents during their first year of life. When mistletoe abundance was reduced by half, fewer sons stayed home, suggesting that in western bluebirds, as in humans, wealth plays a role in delayed dispersal. The current work will determine whether parental favoritism also provides advantages to sons staying at home and whether in staying, sons incur fitness costs in the form of increased competition with relatives, genetic costs of reduced offspring viability due to incest, and reduced mate availability due to incest avoidance. Studying these factors will complete the picture of delayed dispersal for western bluebirds and help tease apart which is more important to sons staying home ? resources or the increased access to those resources that comes from living with nepotistic parents. It will also establish the extent to which mistletoe is a keystone resource that is critical for western bluebird conservation.

在鸟类中，就像在人类中一样，年轻人有时会在通常的独立年龄之后很长时间内与父母呆在一起。 在人类的农业社会中，通常是男性，尤其是长子，留在家里，家庭财富的程度，以农田衡量，是一个关键因素。雄性也往往是鸟类中呆在家里的性别，这导致了各种有趣的结果，包括合作繁殖，其中儿子通过在父母的巢中喂养小鸡来提供帮助，或者不太明显的社会行为，如共同栖息，合作防御领土，以及家庭成员分享食物。 就像人类，西部的蓝知更鸟？自己的？土地形式的防御领土与槲寄生，这提供了一个持续供应的浆果在冬季。 就像农民，蓝鸟？植物？槲寄生的种子通过使浆果穿过它们的内脏，使种子仍然有活力，并被一层粘性涂层包围，帮助它们粘附在四肢上并生长。 西部蓝知更鸟的儿子和一些女儿在出生后的第一年里倾向于和父母呆在家里。 当槲寄生的数量减少一半时，留在家里的儿子就更少了，这表明在西部的蓝知更鸟中，就像在人类中一样，财富在延迟扩散中起着作用。 目前的工作将确定父母的偏爱是否也为留在家里的儿子提供了优势，以及在留下来的情况下，儿子是否会以增加与亲戚的竞争的形式产生健康成本，由于乱伦而降低后代生存能力的遗传成本，以及由于避免乱伦而降低配偶的可用性。 研究这些因素将使西部蓝知更鸟延迟扩散的图景更加完整，并有助于区分哪一个对呆在家里的儿子更重要？资源或增加获得这些资源的机会，来自与裙带关系的父母生活。 它还将确定槲寄生是西部蓝鸟保护的关键资源的程度。