Defining Crimes Against Humanity in The Process of Writing International Law

在国际法的制定过程中界定危害人类罪摘要本研究项目将提高我们对人权和国际刑法领域跨国倡导的理解。这项研究将收集档案文件，并与法律的专家进行访谈，以严格审查“强迫怀孕”这一新的国际罪行。“这一法律的创新现已被《国际刑事法院罗马规约》定为危害人类罪，其目的是对民兵在前南斯拉夫战争期间犯下的罪行作出反应，这些民兵强奸妇女，目的是使她们怀孕。尽管这一罪行令人发指，但经过激烈的谈判和跨国民间社会相互竞争的宣传主张的高度政治化进程，出现了新的法律的概念。虽然关于这一进程的结果已经写了很多，但很少有文献分析谈判进程本身的政治动态。PI将采访参加罗马会议的进步派和保守派活动家，以更好地了解这一进程和法律的结果。特别是，PI想了解为什么这一罪行只被编纂为针对妇女的罪行，而强迫怀孕问题的儿童权利方面却在很大程度上被忽视。这种分析将加强我们对新的法律的概念如何在多边论坛中建立和形成的理论理解。就更广泛的影响而言，这项研究将为围绕人权和国际刑法的跨国宣传提供信息。它还将创建一个标准，使学者能够更可靠地根据国际法律的规范对文件进行编码。

Defining Crimes against Humanity in the Process of Writing International Law ABSTRACTThis research project will enhance our understanding of transnational advocacy in the area of human rights and international criminal law. The study will collect archival documents and conduct interviews with legal experts to critically examine the new international crime of "forced pregnancy." This legal innovation, now codified as a crime against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, was meant to respond to crimes such as those committed by militias during the war in the former Yugoslavia, who raped women with the purpose of making them pregnant. Despite the heinous nature of this crime, new legal concept emerged as a result of heated negotiations and out of a highly politicized process of competing advocacy claims in transnational civil society. While much has been written about the outcome of that process, little literature analyzes the political dynamics of the negotiating process itself. The PI will interview activists from both progressive and conservative positions who participated in the Rome conference in order to better understand that process and the legal outcome. In particular, the PI wants to understand why the crime was codified as a crime against women only, while the children's rights dimension of the forced pregnancy issue was largely ignored. The analysis will enhance our theoretical understanding of how new legal concepts are constructed and shaped in multilateral fora. In terms of broader impact, the research will inform transnational advocacy around human rights and international criminal law. It will also create a standard by which scholars can more reliably code documents on international legal norms.