Antagonistic Tolerance: A Comparative Analysis of Competitive Sharing of Religious Sites

罗伯特·m·海登博士将对一个非常重要的课题进行基础科学研究：共同生活在同一领土上的由宗教界定的人群之间的长期互动，他们的互动有时是友好的，有时是暴力的。他提出了一种新的互动主义模式，称为“对抗性容忍”，或竞争性分享。该模式包括宗教场所的融合和分离的结合，这些宗教场所长期由宗教协会确定和区分的社区共享。通常情况下，相互作用表现为长期的和平共处，中间穿插着暴力时期，有时包括完全破坏以前共享的地点，以及一个群体的成员被另一个群体驱逐（“种族清洗”）。通常，个案是分开分析的。相比之下，该研究人员的模型将提供一个分析框架，用于涵盖多种情况和背景的广义解释，甚至是那些在空间和时间上广泛分离的情况。在方法上，这项研究以系统的宏观比较为基础，使用了土耳其、保加利亚、印度和葡萄牙宗教场所的历史和当代数据。数据将由一个多学科的区域专家小组收集和分析。这种方法将允许对这种形式的相互作用进行主要的比较研究，然后将适用于全球其他情况。该项目不同于工作，后者假定冲突是正常友好状态的一种失常。与此相反，这项研究预计，在很长一段时间内，群体之间的互动可能会在友好时期和暴力时期之间波动。对抗性容忍模型将解释这种波动，因此，不仅将有助于社会科学理论，而且可能有助于开发更有效的方法来管理宗教界定的种族群体之间的竞争性互动，以尽量减少暴力。

Dr. Robert M. Hayden will undertake basic scientific research on a topic of great importance: long-term interaction between religiously defined groups of people who share a territory, and whose interactions are at times amicable and at other times violent. He proposes a new, interactionist model called, "antagonistic tolerance," or competitive sharing. The model encompasses the conjunction of syncretism and separation at religious sites long shared by communities identified and differentiated by religious associations. Typically, interactions exhibit long periods of peaceful coexistence punctuated by periods of violence, sometimes including the complete destruction of sites previously shared, and the expulsion ("ethnic cleaning") of members of one group by another. Usually, individual cases have been analyzed separately. In contrast, this researcher's model will provide an analytical framework for a generalized explanation covering multiple cases and contexts, even those widely separated in space and time. Methodologically, the research is grounded in systematic, macrocomparisons, using historical and contemporary data from religious sites in Turkey, Bulgaria, India and Portugal. The data will be gathered and analyzed by a multidisciplinary team of regional specialists. This approach will permit a major comparative study of this form of interaction that then will be applicable to other cases worldwide.The project differs from work which presumes that conflict is an aberration from a normal state of amicability. This research, to the contrary, anticipates that over long periods of time, interaction between groups may fluctuate between periods of amicability and periods of violence. The antagonistic tolerance model will explain such fluctuation and, thereby, not only will contribute to social science theory but also may help lead to the development of more effective ways of managing competitive interaction between religiously defined ethnic groups in ways that minimize violence.