Antagonistic Tolerance: A Comparative Analysis of Competitive Sharing of Religious Sites

罗伯特·M·海登博士将对一个非常重要的课题进行基础科学研究：宗教定义的群体之间的长期互动，这些群体共享一个领土，他们的互动有时是友好的，有时是暴力的。他提出了一种新的互动主义模式，称为“对抗容忍”，即竞争性分享。该模式涵盖了宗教团体长期共享的宗教场所的融合和分离的结合。通常，互动表现为长期和平共处，其间不时出现暴力，有时包括彻底摧毁以前共享的场所，以及一个团体的成员被另一个团体的成员驱逐(“种族清洗”)。通常情况下，个别案例会被单独分析。相比之下，这位研究人员的模型将为涵盖多个案例和背景的普遍解释提供一个分析框架，即使是那些在空间和时间上相距甚远的案例和背景。在方法上，这项研究基于系统的宏观比较，使用了土耳其、保加利亚、印度和葡萄牙宗教场所的历史和当代数据。这些数据将由一个由区域专家组成的多学科小组收集和分析。这种方法将允许对这种互动形式进行重大比较研究，然后将其应用于世界各地的其他情况。该项目不同于假定冲突是正常友好状态的反常状态的工作。相反，这项研究预计，在很长一段时间内，群体之间的互动可能会在友好时期和暴力时期之间波动。对抗容忍模式将解释这种波动，因此，不仅将有助于社会科学理论，还可能有助于制定更有效的方法，以最大限度地减少暴力的方式管理宗教界定的族裔群体之间的竞争性互动。

Dr. Robert M. Hayden will undertake basic scientific research on a topic of great importance: long-term interaction between religiously defined groups of people who share a territory, and whose interactions are at times amicable and at other times violent. He proposes a new, interactionist model called, "antagonistic tolerance," or competitive sharing. The model encompasses the conjunction of syncretism and separation at religious sites long shared by communities identified and differentiated by religious associations. Typically, interactions exhibit long periods of peaceful coexistence punctuated by periods of violence, sometimes including the complete destruction of sites previously shared, and the expulsion ("ethnic cleaning") of members of one group by another. Usually, individual cases have been analyzed separately. In contrast, this researcher's model will provide an analytical framework for a generalized explanation covering multiple cases and contexts, even those widely separated in space and time. Methodologically, the research is grounded in systematic, macrocomparisons, using historical and contemporary data from religious sites in Turkey, Bulgaria, India and Portugal. The data will be gathered and analyzed by a multidisciplinary team of regional specialists. This approach will permit a major comparative study of this form of interaction that then will be applicable to other cases worldwide.The project differs from work which presumes that conflict is an aberration from a normal state of amicability. This research, to the contrary, anticipates that over long periods of time, interaction between groups may fluctuate between periods of amicability and periods of violence. The antagonistic tolerance model will explain such fluctuation and, thereby, not only will contribute to social science theory but also may help lead to the development of more effective ways of managing competitive interaction between religiously defined ethnic groups in ways that minimize violence.