Antagonistic Tolerance: A Comparative Analysis of Competitive Sharing of Religious Sites

Robert M.海登将进行基础科研的一个非常重要的主题：长期的相互作用之间的宗教定义的人群谁共享一个领土，其相互作用有时是友好的，在其他时间暴力。他提出了一种新的互动模式，称为“对抗性容忍”，或竞争性分享。该模式包括在宗教场所实行融合和分离，这些场所长期以来由宗教协会确定和区分的社区共享。通常情况下，互动表现出长期的和平共处，偶尔会出现暴力，有时包括彻底摧毁以前共享的场地，一个群体的成员被另一个群体驱逐（“种族清洗”）。通常情况下，个别案例被单独分析。与此相反，本研究者的模型将提供一个分析框架，用于涵盖多个案例和背景的广义解释，即使这些案例和背景在空间和时间上相距甚远。 在方法上，研究是基于系统的，宏观比较，使用历史和当代数据，从宗教场所在土耳其，保加利亚，印度和葡萄牙。 数据将由一个多学科的区域专家小组收集和分析。这一方法将允许对这种形式的互动进行一次重大的比较研究，然后将适用于世界各地的其他情况，该项目不同于假定冲突是正常友好状态的一种偏差的工作。 相反，这项研究预计，在很长一段时间内，群体之间的互动可能会在友好时期和暴力时期之间波动。对抗性容忍模型将解释这种波动，从而不仅有助于社会科学理论，而且可能有助于发展更有效的方式来管理宗教定义的种族群体之间的竞争性互动，以尽量减少暴力。

Dr. Robert M. Hayden will undertake basic scientific research on a topic of great importance: long-term interaction between religiously defined groups of people who share a territory, and whose interactions are at times amicable and at other times violent. He proposes a new, interactionist model called, "antagonistic tolerance," or competitive sharing. The model encompasses the conjunction of syncretism and separation at religious sites long shared by communities identified and differentiated by religious associations. Typically, interactions exhibit long periods of peaceful coexistence punctuated by periods of violence, sometimes including the complete destruction of sites previously shared, and the expulsion ("ethnic cleaning") of members of one group by another. Usually, individual cases have been analyzed separately. In contrast, this researcher's model will provide an analytical framework for a generalized explanation covering multiple cases and contexts, even those widely separated in space and time. Methodologically, the research is grounded in systematic, macrocomparisons, using historical and contemporary data from religious sites in Turkey, Bulgaria, India and Portugal. The data will be gathered and analyzed by a multidisciplinary team of regional specialists. This approach will permit a major comparative study of this form of interaction that then will be applicable to other cases worldwide.The project differs from work which presumes that conflict is an aberration from a normal state of amicability. This research, to the contrary, anticipates that over long periods of time, interaction between groups may fluctuate between periods of amicability and periods of violence. The antagonistic tolerance model will explain such fluctuation and, thereby, not only will contribute to social science theory but also may help lead to the development of more effective ways of managing competitive interaction between religiously defined ethnic groups in ways that minimize violence.