Doctoral Dissertation Research: Scientific Expeditions, Social Discoveries: Hiram Bingham and the Making of Machu Picchu

博士论文研究：科学探险、社会发现：海勒姆·宾汉姆和马丘比丘的制作

• 批准号: 0724730
• 负责人: Mark Thurner
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-08-01 至 2009-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0724730&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Scientific; Expeditions

This dissertation research project seeks to map the ways in which early scientific practices and visual technologies have contributed to the cultural imagining and production of Peru's Machu Picchu. Discovered in 1911 by the Yale Peruvian Expedition (YPE) led by Hiram Bingham, Machu Picchu was not simply unveiled to a global public. Rather, the YPE initiated the framing of the site as a scientific and Incan find, which was soon reframed in Peru as a nativist utopia and national treasure. The translation of crumbling walls and weedy remains of a mountainous ridge into "Machu Picchu: Incan heritage site" involved not only archaeological excavation and reconstruction, but a host of other tools and technologies. Technologies such as photography and visualization, map-making, the conduct and practices of scientific exploration, and particular readings of the historical record were all invoked in specific ways. Drawing on texts from turn of the twentieth-century Andean explorations, YPE papers, Peruvian archives, and ethnographic interviews and observations, this project investigates the ways in which expeditionary practices, social networks, and visual technologies were instrumental in shaping the social meaning of Machu Picchu. Intellectual Merit: This project promises a needed account not only of Machu Picchu and the formation of a global popular imaginary of Peru and the Andes, but of the interplay between science, the popularization of evidence, and the forces of nation-making in the 20th century international system. The time period in question and the social construction of Machu Picchu are not well studied. Much of the research conducted on scientific expeditions in South America has focused on expeditions that pre-date the twentieth century (e.g. Pratt 1992, Miller and Reill 1996). By focusing on Bingham's early twentieth century expeditions, this research examines not only the scientific practices, social networks and Peruvian resistance efforts by which the YPE came to discover and construct Machu Picchu as a global property but also how visual expeditionary technologies were instrumental in shaping the site into national and world heritage. Locating the scientific discovery of Machu Picchu within a history of scientific expeditions and in a particular moment in scientific technologies may provide insight into how science and society have mutually informed one another and how the present meanings of Machu Picchu are rooted in a particular political and technological past. Through its focus on Peru's most well known UNESCO World Heritage site, this project will also contribute substantially to debates on the global production of scientific knowledge and cultural heritage formation.Broader Impact: This research could not be timelier. In December 2005, the Peruvian nation threatened to sue Yale University for repatriation of artifacts taken from Machu Picchu (Brodzinsky 2005). Although this challenge came as a shock to most of the world, for those familiar with Peruvian politics and history, this move was seen as long overdue (e.g. Mould de Pease 2001, 2003). Since its global debut in 1911 Machu Picchu has found itself identified as both an object of scientific inquiry critical to global insight and as a sacred symbol of Peruvian heritage and patrimony. Since 1911, these identities have clashed. An investigation into this conflict promises to enhance our tolerance and understanding of these seemingly incompatible though interconnected perspectives. If we are to understand the social effects of archaeological practices and the motivations involved in repatriation, it is essential to have a detailed ethnography of the historical processes involved to inform responses. When the research is complete, the dissertation will then be finished, and the results in it will be published in papers. Lectures will be given to both North American and South American audiences in an effort to broaden our understanding of the site, its history, its current global position and the people who call the area home.

本论文的研究项目旨在绘制早期的科学实践和视觉技术的方式，有助于文化想象和生产的秘鲁的马丘比丘。1911年，由希拉姆宾厄姆率领的耶鲁秘鲁探险队（YPE）发现了马丘比丘，它不仅仅是向全球公众揭幕。相反，YPE开始将该遗址作为一个科学和印加发现，很快在秘鲁被重新定义为本土主义的乌托邦和国宝。将破碎的墙壁和杂草丛生的山脊遗迹转化为“马丘比丘：印加遗产遗址”不仅涉及考古挖掘和重建，还涉及许多其他工具和技术。摄影和可视化、地图制作、科学探索的行为和实践以及对历史记录的特殊解读等技术都以特定的方式被引用。从二十世纪初的安第斯探险，YPE文件，秘鲁档案，民族志的采访和观察的文本绘制，这个项目调查的方式，其中远征的做法，社交网络，和视觉技术是在塑造马丘比丘的社会意义。智力优势：这个项目承诺不仅需要考虑马丘比丘和形成一个全球流行的想象秘鲁和安第斯山脉，但科学之间的相互作用，普及的证据，并在20世纪世纪国际体系的国家建设的力量。关于马丘比丘的时间段和社会结构没有得到很好的研究。在南美洲进行的科学考察研究大多集中在20世纪之前的考察上（例如Pratt 1992，米勒和Reill 1996）。通过关注宾厄姆在世纪早期的探险，本研究不仅考察了科学实践，社交网络和秘鲁的抵抗努力，YPE来发现和建设马丘比丘作为一个全球性的财产，但也如何视觉探险技术是在塑造国家和世界遗产的网站工具。将马丘比丘的科学发现置于科学考察的历史和科学技术的特定时刻，可以深入了解科学和社会如何相互通报，以及马丘比丘的当前含义如何植根于特定的政治和技术过去。通过将重点放在秘鲁最著名的联合国教科文组织世界遗产遗址上，该项目还将为关于全球科学知识生产和文化遗产形成的辩论做出重大贡献。2005年12月，秘鲁威胁要起诉耶鲁大学，要求归还从马丘比丘带走的文物。虽然这一挑战对世界上大多数人来说都是一个冲击，但对于那些熟悉秘鲁政治和历史的人来说，这一举措被视为早就应该采取的行动（例如，Mould de Pease 2001，2003）。自1911年在全球首次亮相以来，马丘比丘发现自己既被认为是对全球洞察力至关重要的科学研究对象，也是秘鲁遗产和遗产的神圣象征。自1911年以来，这些身份发生了冲突。对这一冲突的调查有望提高我们对这些看似不相容但相互关联的观点的容忍和理解。如果我们要了解考古实践的社会影响和遣返的动机，就必须对所涉及的历史过程进行详细的民族志研究，以告知应对措施。当研究完成后，论文将完成，并在它的结果将发表在论文。讲座将给予北美和南美的观众，努力扩大我们的网站，它的历史，它目前的全球地位和谁打电话给该地区的家的人的理解。