Collaborative Research: Evaluation of Suggestions to Geoengineer the Climate System Using Stratospheric Aerosols and Sun Shading

“地球工程”是采取有目的的行动来减轻无意中造成的全球温室效应的想法。虽然已经提出了一些方案，但最合理的方案涉及减少到达地球表面的太阳辐射强度，方法是将粒子注入平流层，或在地球和太阳之间的空间第一个拉格朗日点（L1）放置反射器。此外，我们亦会分析这些地球工程计划的政策和伦理考虑，并会产生地球工程气溶胶注入和L1遮阳的合理方案。将开发模块，以计算注入的气溶胶在气候模型中的详细演变。然后将使用这些情景和模块运行全球环流模型。这些实验将解决有关地球工程的广泛问题，包括硫酸盐气溶胶注入可能增加酸性降水，扩散增加和直接太阳辐射减少，区域气候变化，如果或当气溶胶注入停止时迅速严重变暖的可能性，天然火山气溶胶和地球工程气溶胶之间的相互作用，对卷云的影响，这些实验将涉及在两个气候模式中引入详细的气溶胶演变方案，即具有高空间分辨率的戈达德航天飞行中心GEOS5模式和戈达德空间研究所（GISS）ModelE模式，其分辨率较低，将用于探索性实验。来自Rutger哲学系的共同研究员Bunzl将成为气候建模工作和社会科学家之间的桥梁，他们将被邀请研究模型结果并将其用于社会科学模型。将分析地球工程的潜在风险和收益，并考虑这些风险和收益在社区和地区之间分布不均匀的程度。该项目的更广泛影响源于需要进行研究，例如，向政策制定者和公众通报不同地球工程计划的潜在成本和收益。

"Geoengineering" is the idea of taking purposeful action to mitigate the effects of inadvertent global greenhouse warming. While a number of schemes have been proposed, the most plausible involve reducing the intensity of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface, either by injecting particles into the stratosphere or by stationing reflectors between the Earth and the Sun in space at the first Lagrange point (L1).This program of modeling studies will address how such injected aerosols would behave and how the solar shading would affect the climate. In addition, the policy and ethical considerations of these geoengineering schemes will be analyzed.Plausible scenarios for geoengineered aerosol injections and L1 sun-shading will be generated. Modules will be developed to calculate the detailed evolution of the injected aerosols in climate models. Global circulation models will then be run using these scenarios and modules. These experiments will address a wide range of questions about geoengineering, including the possible increase in acidic precipitation from the injection of sulfate aerosol, the increase in diffuse and decrease in direct solar radiation, regional climate changes, the potential for rapid severe warming if or when the aerosol injection ceases, interactions between the effects of natural volcanic and geoengineered aerosols, effects on cirrus clouds, interactions with natural climate variations such as El Nino, and contributions to tropospheric burdens of pollutants.The experiments will involve the introduction of detailed aerosol evolution schemes into two climate models, the Goddard Space Flight Center GEOS5 model, which features high spatial resolution, and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) ModelE, which has lower resolution and will be used for exploratory experiments. Co-investigator Bunzl, from Rutger's Department of Philosophy, will serve as a bridge between the climate modeling work and social scientists, who will be invited to study the model results and use them in social-science models. The potential risks and benefits of geoengineering will be analyzed and the extent to which these are distributed unevenly across communities and regions will be considered.The broader impacts of this project stem from the need for studies, such as this, to inform policy makers and the public regarding the potential costs and benefits of different geoengineering schemes.