Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: "A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Development of Camelid Pastoralism in the South Central Andes of Bolivia"

在大卫L. Browman和Fiona马歇尔博士，Jose M.卡普里莱斯-弗洛雷斯将分析南美洲骆驼（美洲驼和羊驼）畜牧业起源的证据。 突出的问题之一将是审查用于提取动物产品和动物能源以提高当地史前经济的一般管理战略。 从两个地点在Iroco地区附近的奥鲁罗，玻利维亚，原始样本回收的证据，将被用来测试两个理论models.The Iroco当地被选为研究重点，因为它是在一个假定的原产地主要依赖骆驼畜牧业的领域。 但选择这个地点也是因为它远离的的喀喀湖附近的主要史前和历史贸易路线。 早期在这些领域的研究一直混淆了广泛的渗入和杂交的动物，因为西班牙征服。 伊洛科应该提供了一个早期骆驼畜牧业的干净样本。 初步的aDNA（古DNA）试点分析为该网站的选择提供了支持。详细的动物考古学分析加上空间背景信息将被用来确定骆驼消费的性质，骆驼资源的提取，除了自然和社会科学家特别感兴趣的研究问题，这个项目将提供潜在的数据，以解决更广泛的公共问题，如调整，可能是必要的，由于全球变暖。 目前世界面临的环境状况的一个预测后果是许多地方的干旱加剧，那里仍然有足够的水分来支持畜牧业和其他畜牧业战略，但植物农业将急剧减少或消除。 对史前骆驼科牧民制定和采用的战略进行评估，应该为专家提供更多的模型和战略，以考虑解决地球仪面临的显然迫在眉睫的环境搬迁问题。 美洲驼和羊驼群在美国西部草原越来越常见，这项研究应该为美国产业的微调扩张提供新的信息。 对于东道国玻利维亚，实地工作将提供关于奥鲁罗地区文化和历史遗产的信息。 此外，通过与玻利维亚拉巴斯市圣安德烈斯大学的玻利维亚动物研究部门协调开展分析阶段的工作，该项目将为学生提供目前尚不具备的分析方法和技术培训机会。

Under the supervision of Dr. David L. Browman and Dr. Fiona Marshall, , Mr. Jose M. Capriles-Flores will analyze the evidence for the origins of camelid (llama and alpaca) pastoralism in South America. Among the salient issues will be the examination of the generalized management strategies employed to extract animal products and animal energy sources to enhance the local prehistoric economy. Evidence from pristine samples recovered from two sites in the Iroco area near Oruro, Bolivia, will be utilized to test two theoretical models.The Iroco locality was selected as a research focus because it is in an area of presumed origin of primary dependence upon camelid pastoralism. But the location was chosen also because it is far outside of the main prehistoric and historic trade routes near Lake Titicaca. Earlier studies in these areas have been confounded by the extensive introgression and hybridization of the animals since the Spanish Conquest. Iroco should provide a clean sample of early camelid pastoralism. Preliminary aDNA (ancient DNA) pilot analyses provide support for the selection of this site. Detailed zooarchaeological analyses coupled with spatial contextual information will be employed to determine the nature of camelid consumption, and camelid resource extraction.Beyond the research questions of particularly interest to natural and social scientists, this project will provide potential data to address broader public issues such as the adjustments that may be necessary owing to global warming. One of the projected consequences of the current environmental situation facing the world is increased aridity in many locales, where there will still be sufficient moisture to support stock raising and other pastoral strategies, but where plant agriculture will be drastically reduced or eliminated. Evaluation of the strategies developed and employed by prehistoric camelid pastoralists here should provide experts with additional models and strategies to consider in addressing the apparently impending environmental relocation facing the globe. Llama and alpaca herds are increasingly common in the western U.S. grasslands, and this research should provide new information for fine-tuning expansion of the American industry. For the host country, Bolivia, the fieldwork will provide information on the cultural and historical heritage of the Oruro region. And, as well, by carrying out the analysis phase in coordination with the Bolivian Colección de Fauna research component of the Universidad Mayor de San Andres in La Paz, Bolivia, the project will provide currently unavailable opportunities for training students in analytical methods and techniques.