Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Terraces, Warfare, and Climate Change: Late Intermediate Period Agricultural Risk Management Strategies Puno, Peru (A.D. 1100-1450)

在David Browman博士的指导下，Brieanna Langlie女士将进行考古发掘并分析古代植物遗骸，以衡量喀喀湖附近秘鲁安第斯山脉的农民如何调整他们的农业战略，以应对秘鲁中期晚期(LIP；公元1100-1450年)的长期干旱和激烈战争。在这段不稳定的时期，一个名为科拉的交战民族占领了山顶上有核的堡垒，两侧是农业梯田。这项研究将在科拉最大的堡垒之一马丘拉塔进行，并将考察人类的农业适应情况，以此作为衡量气候变化和战争对人们日常生活的相对重要性的指标。方法包括挖掘马丘拉克塔附近的梯田，利用测年方法确定梯田的年龄，以及对之前挖掘的古代植物遗骸进行分析。测年方法包括放射性碳的光激发发光测年和加速器质谱仪测年。对古代植物遗骸的分析包括对保存下来的种子和茎的鉴定，以及从堡垒生活区回收的淀粉粒残留物，以及从邻近农业梯田回收的土壤的花粉分析。这项研究将阐明推动唇形食品生产、农业技术和植物采购战略的特定社会和环境因素。研究人员目前正在对古代安第斯山脉气候变化和战争的严重性提出质疑。这些新数据将为理解在LIP期间感知到的战争和气候变化的严重性提供一个衡量标准。确定古代高原(高海拔)农民建造梯田的时间将是对喀的卡盆地农业理解的一大进步。虽然之前的研究只概括了梯田农业对高原的影响，但朗利的发现将直接将梯田技术与秘鲁安第斯山脉的史前和环境年代学联系起来。这些数据将涉及该地区更广泛的理论讨论，如气候变化、对农业的政治参与以及农业集约化背后的动机。该项目旨在研究传统生态知识在特殊的边缘景观中的深层历史，特别是在气候变化和战争时期。当地发展的土著知识为环境和社会可持续农业提供了适当的模式。由于预计下个世纪全球年气温将会上升，社会和环境可持续性的本地模型将是至关重要的。这项研究检验了梯田农业的地方深层次政治生态可持续性，梯田农业仍然是一种持久和可持续的耕作方式。朗利女士的研究建立在美国和秘鲁研究人员之间长达15年的合作基础上，这是位于秘鲁普诺的科拉苏约考古研究所的一部分。该项目的重要成果将是研究生培训，以及为该地区今后的考古调查提供更多资源。国际合作将是该项目不可或缺的一部分。秘鲁文化部部长、科拉苏约考古研究所、朗利女士和美国其他研究人员的合作促进和促进了强有力的国际合作。

Under the guidance of Dr. David Browman, Ms. BrieAnna Langlie will conduct archaeological excavations and analyze ancient plant remains to measure how farmers in the Peruvian Andes near Lake Titicaca adapted their agricultural strategies to account for a period of prolonged drought and intense warfare during the Peruvian Late Intermediate period (LIP; A.D. 1100-1450). During this unstable time, a warring ethnic group called the Colla occupied nucleated hilltop forts flanked by agricultural terraces. This research will be carried out at one of the largest Colla fortresses called Machu Llaqta, and will examine human agricultural adaptation as a metric to understand the relative importance of climate change and warfare to peoples' daily lives. Methods include excavations of terraces adjacent to Machu Llaqta, utilization of dating methods to determine the age of terraces, and analyses of previously excavated ancient plant remains. Dating methods include optically stimulated luminescence dating and accelerator mass spectrometry dating of radiocarbon. Analyses of ancient plant remains consist of identification of preserved seeds and stems, and starch grain residues recovered from the living quarters of the fort, and pollen analysis of soils recovered from adjacent agricultural terraces. This research will clarify the specific social and environmental factors that motivated LIP food production, agricultural technologies, and plant procurement strategies. Researchers currently contest the severities of ancient Andean climate change and warfare. These new data will provide a metric for understanding the perceived severity of warfare and climate change during the LIP. Identifying when ancient altiplano (high altitude) farmers constructed terraces will be a major advancement in the understanding of Titicaca basin agriculture. While previous research has only generalized about the impact of terrace agriculture in the altiplano, Ms. Langlie's findings will directly correlate terrace technology to the pre-history and environmental chronology of the Peruvian Andes. These data will address wider theoretical discussions in the region such as climate change, political involvement in agriculture, and the motivations behind agricultural intensification. This project aims to study the deep time history of traditional ecological knowledge in a characteristically marginal landscape, especially during a period of climate change and warfare. Locally developed indigenous knowledge provides an appropriate model for environmentally and socially sustainable agriculture. With the impending worldwide increase in annual temperature predicted in the next century, local models of social and environmental sustainability will be essential. This research tests the local deep time political ecological sustainability of terrace agriculture, which remains an enduring and sustainable farming method. Ms. Langlie's investigation builds on the fifteen-year collaboration between U.S. and Peruvian researchers as part of the Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institute located in Puno, Peru. Important results of this project will be graduate student training, and improved resources for future archaeological investigations in the region. International collaboration will be an integral part of this project. The cooperation of the Ministerio de Cultura in Peru, the Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institute, Ms. Langlie, and other researchers in the U.S. foster and promote strong international collaborations.