Phylogeography of Capuchins, Squirrel Monkeys and Owl Monkeys: A Critical Comparative Framework for Studying Evolution, Behavioral Ecology, and Conservation in Neotropical Primates

卷尾猴、松鼠猴和猫头鹰猴的系统发育地理学：研究新热带灵长类动物进化、行为生态学和保护的重要比较框架

• 批准号: 0742441
• 负责人: Jessica Lynch
• 金额: $ 24.99万
• 依托单位: Washington State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-04-01 至 2008-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0742441&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Phylogeography; Capuchins; Squirrel; Monkeys; Owl

Squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys and capuchin monkeys, collectively called the Cebines, are of particular interest to anthropologists and behavioral ecologists because of diverse social organization and activity patterns, a varied capacity for social learning, and (in the case of capuchin monkeys) parallels to apes and humans in tool use, large brain size, and strategic thinking. They are also the most important model Neotropical primates used in biomedical research, and have been key in our understanding of malarial infection, color vision, cocaine addiction, and ovarian function. However, the utility of the Cebines as model systems could be enhanced greatly if we understood the evolutionary relationships among current populations. In fact, to date, there is no well-supported molecular or morphological hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among populations or species within these genera, and so present interpretations of variation in their behavior, physiology, morphology and life history characteristics lack an evolutionary framework. For example, we know some capuchin populations use tools in the wild and others do not, but we do not know enough about capuchin phylogenetics to estimate how many times or how long ago tool use evolved, or what physical or life history characteristics have evolved in tandem with the acquisition of tool use. One important contribution of this project will be to provide an explicit evolutionary framework to orient the increasing number of researchers in their biomedical, behavioral ecology, and conservation biology studies of these taxa. To this end, using a comparative approach, this research project will create the first detailed molecular phylogenies and biogeographic analyses for the Cebines. These genera are widespread and sympatric across much of Latin America. We will sequence DNA from specimens across the entire geographic range, and then use statistical phylogenetic methods to generate robust phylogenetic hypotheses for each genus. We will examine the pattern and distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes to test biogeography hypotheses using a historical and paleogeological framework. Our protocol is 1) to extract, amplify and sequence three mitochondrial genes from Cebine tissues across Latin America; 2) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within and across each genus using parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches; 3) to use fossil calibrations to produce a time tree for Cebines, and 4) to conduct biogeographic and comparative analyses within this framework. This research will resolve long-standing questions in physical anthropology about the phylogenetic relationships of the Neotropical primates. This project will also impact the field of biogeography in both theory and methodology through our use of new laboratory methods for DNA extraction and amplification from degraded tissues. Our optimization of protocols for DNA extraction and amplification from museum tissues can serve the scientific community, by making these types of specimen more accessible and economical for use in scientific inquiry. At least three areas of data analysis in this study are cutting edge and will be of significant influence to both anthropologists and biologists working on phylogenetics and biogeography. These include our use of new Bayesian modeling applications for estimating divergence time; our joint estimation of alignment and phylogeny for sequences containing indels; and our comparison of the efficacy of several new event-based and model-based techniques for inferring biogeographic history. This research will provide international field and laboratory experiences for both undergraduates and undergraduates. It will also enhance molecular lab techniques and data analysis techniques in the international primatology community through strong collaborative research among U.S. and Latin American researchers. An important applied aspect of this research is the development of a rigorous, quantitative assessment tool to measure the distribution of biodiversity of the target taxa across populations, to be used for conservation priority assessment of widely distributed taxa.

松鼠猴、猫头鹰猴和卷尾猴，统称为Cebines，是人类学家和行为生态学家特别感兴趣的动物，因为它们有着不同的社会组织和活动模式，不同的社会学习能力，并且（就卷尾猴而言）在工具使用、大脑体积和战略思维方面与猿类和人类相似。它们也是生物医学研究中使用的最重要的新热带灵长类动物模型，并且在我们理解疟疾感染，色觉，可卡因成瘾和卵巢功能方面发挥了关键作用。 然而，如果我们了解当前种群之间的进化关系，Cebines作为模型系统的实用性可以大大提高。事实上，到目前为止，还没有得到充分支持的分子或形态学假说的进化关系，这些属内的种群或物种，因此目前的解释，在他们的行为，生理，形态和生活史特征的变化缺乏一个进化框架。例如，我们知道一些卷尾猴种群在野外使用工具，而另一些则不使用工具，但我们对卷尾猴的遗传学了解不够，无法估计工具使用进化了多少次或多久，或者什么物理或生活史特征与工具使用的获得同步进化。 该项目的一个重要贡献是提供一个明确的进化框架，以引导越来越多的研究人员在这些类群的生物医学，行为生态学和保护生物学研究。 为此，使用比较方法，该研究项目将为Cebines创建第一个详细的分子生物学和生物学分析。这些属广泛分布于拉丁美洲的大部分地区。 我们将对整个地理范围内的标本进行DNA测序，然后使用统计系统发育方法为每个属生成强大的系统发育假设。我们将研究线粒体单倍型的模式和分布，以测试使用历史和古地理框架的地理学假说。我们的协议是1）提取，扩增和测序三个线粒体基因从Cebine组织在拉丁美洲; 2）重建系统发育关系内和跨每个属使用简约，似然和贝叶斯方法; 3）使用化石校准，以产生一个时间树Cebines，和4）在此框架内进行植物地理和比较分析。这项研究将解决体质人类学中关于新热带灵长类动物系统发育关系的长期问题。 该项目还将通过我们使用新的实验室方法从降解组织中提取和扩增DNA，在理论和方法学上影响生物学领域。我们对博物馆组织DNA提取和扩增方案的优化可以为科学界服务，使这些类型的标本更容易获得，更经济地用于科学研究。这项研究中至少有三个领域的数据分析是前沿的，将对人类学家和生物学家在遗传学和地理学方面的工作产生重大影响。这些包括我们使用新的贝叶斯建模应用程序，估计分歧时间;我们的联合估计的对齐和同源序列包含插入缺失;和我们的几个新的基于事件和基于模型的技术推断的生物学历史的功效比较。 这项研究将为本科生和本科生提供国际实地和实验室经验。 它还将通过美国和拉丁美洲研究人员之间的强有力的合作研究，提高国际灵长类动物学界的分子实验室技术和数据分析技术。 这项研究的一个重要应用方面是开发一个严格的，定量的评估工具，以衡量目标类群的生物多样性在种群中的分布，用于广泛分布的类群的保护优先级评估。