SGER: Disagreeing Robots

人与机器人交互的传统愿景是机器将成为完全合作的合作伙伴。相应地，机器人分歧的问题从未被探索过。采用基于变量的方法，对机器人自主性、机器人形态和机器人礼貌策略对人类行为和态度的影响进行实证检验。行为测量将包括表现、生理反应和记忆力。态度测量将包括情感反应以及对机器人的各种评估。结果将使人们能够发现人与人交互的哪些方面直接适用于人-机器人交互，以及哪些方面在性能、记忆和态度方面是不同的。这一探索性研究项目将寻求从经验上确定机器人的特征，这些特征会影响人类对机器人表达不同意见的反应。预计结果将确定促进解决人类和机器人之间冲突的战略。虽然有人与人之间存在分歧的模型，但尚不清楚这些模型中的哪一个将适用于人与机器人的交互。这是一个重要的探索领域，因为在许多情况下，如太空探索和殖民、康复和复杂的制造，机器人必须表达与人类的分歧，这是一种高度紧张的情况。这项研究将为以下关键问题提供初步答案：1)哪些分歧策略最有效，最容易被人际交往伙伴接受？2)机器人的哪些特征将最有效地使情况成为一种共同理解的情况，而不是纯粹的冲突？预计这一发现将使研究人员能够创造和研究能够更好地与人类协调并帮助人类实现目标的机器人，并揭示机器人如何引发社会对技术的反应。

The traditional vision of human-robot interaction is that the machines will be fully cooperative partners. Correspondingly, issues of robot disagreement have never been explored. Using a variable-based approach, the effects of robot autonomy, robot form, and robot politeness strategies on human behaviors and attitudes will be empirically tested. Behavior measures will include performance, physiological responses, and memory. Attitudinal measures will include affective responses as well as various assessments of the robot. Results will enable the discovery of which aspects of human-human interaction apply directly to human-robot interaction, and which aspects are different with respect to performance, memory, and attitudes. This exploratory research project will seek to empirically identify features of robots that influence humans' responses to robots' expressions of disagreement. Results are expected to identify strategies to facilitate the resolution of conflicts between humans and robots. While there are models of human-human disagreement, it is unknown which of these models will be applicable to human-robot interaction. This is an important exploratory area to pursue given that in many contexts, such as space exploration and colonization, rehabilitation, and complex manufacturing, the robot must express disagreement with the human, a highly-charged situation. This research will provide initial answers to the following critical questions: 1) which strategies of disagreement will be most effective and most palatable to human interaction partners? and 2) which characteristics of robots will most effectively enable the situation to be one of joint understand rather than pure conflict? It is expected that findings will enable researchers to create and study robots that are better able to coordinate with humans and assist humans in reaching their goals as well as reveal the ways in which robots can induce social responses to technology.