The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS): Year 21-25

该奖项提供资金，将百慕大大西洋时间序列研究(BATS)计划再延长五年，从2008年8月1日至2013年7月31日。BATS和HOT等长期时间序列是研究海洋生物地球化学变异性的时间和空间尺度及其与全球碳循环关系的宝贵平台。此外，它们提供了全面的数据集，用于评估生物地球化学和生态系统模型的行为。上层海洋的物理强迫导致生态系统总生产力和净生产力的显著变化，大气和海洋之间二氧化碳的净交换，以及许多生物重要元素在海洋中的分布。BATS的研究目标一直是，并将继续是提高我们对时变的理解。海洋碳循环的组成部分，相关的生物成因元素(如氮、磷、二氧化硅)，以及确定造成这种变化的相关物理、化学和生态系统特性。BATS的目标是：1)记录营养循环和生物群落的时间变异性；2)量化海洋-大气耦合和气候强迫对二氧化碳的海气交换和向海洋内部的碳输出的作用；3)研究物理强迫(例如，表面热通量、淡水通量和动量通量)对浮游生物群落结构和功能的作用，包括新的和出口生产力；4)研究气候引起的表层通量变异性对浮游生物群落结构和功能的作用；5)为引进和验证新的海洋学工具和技术提供试验台。在过去的20年里，BATS站随时可以进入北大西洋少营养环带，使120多名科学家能够在更广泛的生物地球化学计划和时间序列数据集的丰富历史背景下，进行他们自己设计的小型独立项目。开放数据政策允许更多的人出于研究和教育目的(从K12到毕业生)探索BATS数据集。在时间序列站点上提出的许多科学问题在考虑年际到年代际时间尺度时变得更加相关。这些是气候多变性的许多自然模式和人为变化的时间尺度的固有时标。要解决这些时间尺度，我们需要在这样的时期内对系统进行持续的研究，就像过去40年来来自S水电站和基岭莫阿纳罗亚大气二氧化碳采样的数据给了我们深刻的见解一样。BATS时间序列为未来海洋项目的核心海洋学和生物地球化学问题打开了十年之窗。蝙蝠现在是，也将继续是一项重要的社区资产，对海洋学和其他学科具有广泛的价值。更广泛的影响：预计这项活动的主要成果将是收集了丰富的水文和生物地球化学数据，为实验测试海洋学范式和假说以及“地面真实”海洋碳循环模型提供了广泛的背景。除了作为核心计划的一部分进行的研究外，广泛的辅助研究人员也与BATS计划建立了互惠互利的关系；所有计划都受益。BATS计划与S水电站存在协同作用，海洋通量计划的时间序列研究也在BATS站点附近进行。每个时间序列提供的是相互关联但不重叠的数据，这些数据的总和大于各个部分。BATS调查人员将继续在学生指导、培训和公共宣传的许多方面非常积极。BATS数据和对马尾藻海的科学了解已经并将继续纳入新开发的本科生/研究生课程。有几个课程有实验室部分，利用基本输入输出系统的研究设施，以及在R/V大西洋探索者号上到S水电站和巴特斯水电站的短途游轮。BIOS的海洋设施为学生和技术人员提供培训，并与其他研究人员进行合作，这是其他机构所不能提供的。通过动手实验室、巡航和数据合成活动，BATS将继续直接帮助美国国家努力提高对海洋碳循环及其对全球气候的影响的了解。

This award provides funding to extend the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) program for five additional years from August 1, 2008 to July 31, 2013. Long-term time series like BATS and HOT are invaluable platforms for investigating temporal and spatial scales of ocean biogeochemical variability and relationships with the global carbon cycle. Moreover, they provide comprehensive datasets used to assess the behavior of biogeochemical and ecosystem models. Physical forcing of the upper ocean leads to significant variability in gross and net ecosystem productivity, net exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the ocean, and the distribution of many biologically important elements in the sea. The research goals of BATS has been, and continues to be, improving our understanding of the ?time-varying? components of the ocean carbon cycle, related biogenic elements of interest (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, silica), and identifying the relevant physical, chemical and ecosystem properties responsible for this variability. The objectives of BATS are to 1) document the temporal variability in nutrient cycles and biological communities; 2) quantify the role of ocean-atmosphere coupling and climate forcing on air-sea exchange of CO2, and carbon export to the ocean interior; 3) Study the role of physical forcing (e.g., surface fluxes of heat, freshwater and momentum) on planktonic community structure and function, including new and export productivity; 4) Study the role of climate-induced variability in surface fluxes on planktonic community structure and function and 5) provide a testbed for the introduction and validation of new oceanographic tools and technologies. Ready access at the BATS station to North Atlantic oligotrophic gyre has allowed more than 120 scientists over the past 20 years to conduct small, independent projects of their own design in the context of a wider biogeochemical program and the rich historical context of the time-series dataset. Open data policies allow many more to explore BATS dataset for both research and educational purposes (from K12 to graduate). Many of the scientific questions asked at the time series stations have become even more relevant when considered on interannual to decadal timescales. These are the inherent time-scales of many of the natural modes of climate variability and the time-scale of anthropogenic change. To address these time-scales requires that we study the system consistently over such periods, much as the data from Hydrostation S and the Keeling Moana Loa atmospheric CO2 sampling have given us insights over the past 4 decades. The BATS time-series has opened the decadal window for the kinds of oceanographic and biogeochemical questions at the heart of future ocean programs. BATS is and will continue to be a significant community asset with broad value to oceanography and other disciplines. Broader Impacts: The major achievements expected from this activity will be the wealth of hydrographic and biogeochemical data collected to provide a broad context for experimentally testing oceanographic paradigms and hypotheses, and 'ground-truthing' ocean carbon cycle models. In addition to the research conducted as part of the core program, a wide range of ancillary researchers have shared a mutualistic relationship with the BATS program; and all programs have benefited. The BATS program has a synergistic existence with the Hydrostation S and Ocean Flux Program (OFP) time-series studies also conducted near the BATS site. Each time series provides connected, but not overlapping data that contributes to a sum greater than the individual parts. BATS investigators will continue to be very active in many aspects of student mentorship, training and public outreach. BATS data and scientific understanding of the Sargasso Sea has been and will continue to be incorporated into newly developed undergraduate/graduate courses. Several course have laboratory components that make use of the research facilities at BIOS as well as short cruises on the R/V Atlantic Explorer to the Hydrostation S and BATS site. The oceanographic facilities at BIOS provide for the training of students and technicians and for collaborations with other researchers in a manner few other institutions can provide. Through hands-on laboratory, cruise and data synthesis activities, BATS will continue to directly aid the U.S. national effort to improve the understanding of the oceanic carbon cycle and the impact on global climate.