INTEROP: Developing Community-based DRought Information Network Protocols and Tools for Multidisciplinary Regional Scale Applications (DRInet)

互操作：开发基于社区的干旱信息网络多学科区域规模应用协议和工具(DRInet)普渡大学干旱是一种反应缓慢的自然灾害，其特点是严重缺水，后果深远。1998年的《国家抗旱政策法》和2006年的后续国家综合抗旱信息系统立法表明，良好的抗旱信息极为重要。证据表明，干旱有许多影响，可归类为经济、环境或社会影响：-区域空气质量(可能增加臭氧水平、灰尘和生物排放)，-植物疾病潜力(使植物更容易受到某些疾病和锈病的影响)，-人类健康(通过不符合标准的水，在某些情况下是灰尘和其他排放)，-作物、牧场和森林生产力降低，-火灾危险和间接保险率增加，-水位和娱乐机会减少，-牲畜和野生动物死亡率增加，-对区域经济的直接和间接影响，-由于食品和木材价格上涨和失业而导致的生活成本上升，-由于支出减少而减少的地区税收，-增加的犯罪率和对农民和企业的银行贷款的丧失抵押品赎回权，以及-移民和一个地区的生存适宜性降低。关于气象、农业和水文干旱的强度、地理范围和持续时间的复杂地图和信息吸引了从农民到科学家的各种用户。虽然通过美国干旱监测机构对全国干旱地图进行了标准化，但地方和区域尺度的解释仍在不断演变。相关数据由不同的科学领域产生，并从若干来源获得关于地面影响、干旱时间和区域脆弱性或复原力等因素的定性信息，这些信息也被纳入分析。然而，所有这些数据目前不能相互操作以供不同利益攸关方共享和比较，也不能以最佳方式整合，以实时描述干旱风险和用户决策。在流域、县或农场一级获取减轻风险的信息并非易事。普渡大学正在开发一个区域干旱信息门户网站DRInet，它将成为以系统、可检索的方式收集、综合和传播地方至区域尺度的干旱相关数据集和评论的焦点。DRInet将为社区更好地评估和适应干旱和干旱影响提供基础。通过将数据和信息交换正规化，DRInet将干旱数据、干旱预报和干旱原因分析纳入一个可互操作的框架，允许不同学科之间进行新的对话，从而为研究和经济福祉创造新的机会。DRInet还提供了一种与社区联系的方法，用于评估干旱触发因素，评估短期和长期干旱演变的可能原因，描绘对干旱监测网络的影响，并与利益攸关方发展与干旱对空气质量、水质、经济预报、植物病害等相关应用的新联系。DRInet将使农民能够利用当地干旱数据、土壤状况和天气预报来决定何时以及以何种强度灌溉。其他对准确干旱数据感兴趣的群体包括气候学家、水文学家、县推广教育工作者和城镇管理人员、经济学家、农业专家、政策制定者、媒体和大宗商品市场，每个人都希望将干旱数据用于自己的特定目的。DRInet将受益于社区参与，其中包括来自内布拉斯加州林肯大学国家干旱缓解中心、波特兰国家水与气候中心、NOAA中部地区气候联络点、印度班加罗尔印度科学研究所、俄亥俄州威尔伯福斯中央州立大学国际水资源管理中心、普渡大学合作推广服务和印第安纳州气候办公室的农业和自然资源(ANR)项目以及中西部地区气候合作伙伴？伊利诺伊大学、西肯塔基大学、俄亥俄州立大学、密歇根州立大学、威斯康星大学。

INTEROP: Developing Community-based DRought Information NetworkProtocols and Tools for Multidisciplinary Regional Scale Applications(DRInet)Purdue UniverstiyDrought is a slow-acting natural hazard characterized by critical water shortages with far-reaching consequences. The National Drought Policy Act of 1998 and the follow-on National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) legislation of 2006 indicate the immense importance of good drought information. Evidence suggests that a drought has many impacts, which can be categorized as economic, environmental, or social:- Regional air quality (possibly increasing ozone levels, dust, and biogenic emissions),- Plant disease potential (by making plants more vulnerable to certain diseases and rusts),- Human health (both through substandard water and in some cases dust and other emissions),- Reduced crop, rangeland, and forest productivity,- Increased fire hazard and indirectly insurance rates,- Reduced water levels and access to recreation,- Increased livestock and wildlife mortality rates,- Direct and indirect impact on regional economy,- Higher cost of living due to increased prices for food and timber and unemployment,- Reduced regional tax revenues because of reduced expenditures,- Increased crime, and foreclosures on bank loans to farmers and businesses, and- Migration and reduced living worthiness of a region.Drought maps and information on the intensity, geographic extent, and duration of meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts draw users ranging from farmers to scientists. While drought mapping nationally has been standardized through the U.S. Drought Monitor, local and regional scale interpretation is still evolving. Relevant data are generated by different scientific domains and qualitative information from a number of sources on factors such as ground impacts, timing of a drought, and regional vulnerability or resilience also factors into analyses. However, all this data is not currently interoperable for sharing and comparison for different stakeholders, nor is it optimally integrated to characterize drought risks and user decisions in real time. It is not easy to access information for risk mitigation at the watershed, county, or farm levels.Purdue University is developing a regional drought information web portal, DRInet, which will be a focal point for collecting, synthesizing and disseminating local- to regional-scale drought-related datasets and commentary in a systematic, retrievable way. DRInet will provide a basis for the community to better assess and accommodate droughts and drought impacts. By formalizing data and information exchange, DRInet puts drought data, drought forecasts, and the analysis of causal factors for droughts into an interoperable framework that allows new dialogues between different disciplines and so creates novel opportunities for research and economic well being. DRInet also provides a means for interfacing with the community for assessing drought triggers, evaluating possible causal factors for short-term and long-term drought evolution, delineating the impact on the drought monitor network, and developing novel linkages with stakeholders for applications related to drought impacts on air quality, water quality, economic forecasts, plant disease etc. DRInet will enable farmers to use the local drought data, soil condition and weather forecasts to decide when and how intensely to irrigate. Other constituencies interested in accurate drought data include climatologists, hydrologists, county extension educators and town managers, economists, agriculture experts, policy makers, media, and the commodity market, each wanting to use drought data for their particular purposes.DRInet will benefit from community participation including those from National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska Lincoln; National Water and Climate Center, NRCS, Portland; NOAA Central Region Climate Focal Point; Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; International Center for Water Resources Management, Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio; Agriculture and Natural Resource (ANR) Program, Purdue University Cooperative Extension Services and Indiana State Climate Office; and the Midwest Regional Climate Partners ? University of Illinois, Western Kentucky University, Ohio State University, Michigan State University, University of Wisconsin.