INTEROP: Developing Community-based DRought Information Network Protocols and Tools for Multidisciplinary Regional Scale Applications (DRInet)

INTEROP：开发基于社区的干旱信息网络协议和多学科区域规模应用工具（DRInet）普渡大学干旱是一种缓慢发生的自然灾害，其特征是严重缺水，影响深远。1998年的《国家干旱政策法》和2006年的《国家综合干旱信息系统法》表明了良好的干旱信息的巨大重要性。证据表明，干旱有许多影响，可分为经济、环境或社会影响：-区域空气质量（可能增加臭氧水平、粉尘和生物源排放），-植物疾病潜力（使植物更容易受到某些疾病和锈病的影响），-人类健康（通过不合标准的水以及在某些情况下粉尘和其他排放），-作物减少，牧场减少，-增加了火灾风险和间接保险费率，-降低了水位和娱乐活动，-增加了牲畜和野生动物死亡率，-对区域经济的直接和间接影响，-由于食品和木材价格上涨和失业导致生活成本上升，-由于减少支出导致区域税收减少，-犯罪率增加，以及农民和企业的银行贷款丧失抵押品赎回权，和-移民和降低一个地区的生活价值。关于气象、农业和水文干旱的强度、地理范围和持续时间的干旱地图和信息吸引了从农民到科学家的用户。虽然通过美国干旱监测，全国干旱制图已经标准化，但地方和区域尺度的解释仍在不断发展。相关数据是由不同的科学领域产生的，来自许多来源的关于地面影响、干旱时间和区域脆弱性或复原力等因素的定性信息也是分析的因素。然而，所有这些数据目前还不能用于不同利益相关者的共享和比较，也不能最佳地集成以实时表征干旱风险和用户决策。在流域、县或农场层面获取减轻风险的信息并不容易。普渡大学正在开发一个区域干旱信息门户网站，即DRInet，它将成为以系统、可检索的方式收集、综合和传播地方到区域尺度的干旱相关数据集和评论的中心。该网络将为社区更好地评估和适应干旱及其影响提供基础。通过将数据和信息交换正规化，DRInet将干旱数据、干旱预测和干旱原因分析纳入一个可互操作的框架，允许不同学科之间进行新的对话，从而为研究和经济福祉创造新的机会。DRInet还提供了一种与社区联系的手段，以评估干旱触发因素，评估短期和长期干旱演变的可能因果因素，描述对干旱监测网络的影响，并与利益相关者建立新的联系，以应用与干旱对空气质量、水质、经济预报、植物病害等影响有关的应用。DRInet将使农民能够利用当地的干旱数据、土壤状况和天气预报来决定何时灌溉以及灌溉强度。其他对准确的干旱数据感兴趣的群体包括气候学家、水文学家、县推广教育工作者和城镇管理者、经济学家、农业专家、政策制定者、媒体和商品市场，每个人都希望将干旱数据用于他们特定的目的。DRInet将受益于社区参与，包括内布拉斯加州林肯大学国家抗旱中心的社区参与；国家水资源和气候中心，波特兰；美国国家海洋和大气管理局中部地区气候联络点；印度科学研究所，班加罗尔，印度；中央州立大学国际水资源管理中心，俄亥俄州威尔伯福斯；农业和自然资源（ANR）项目，普渡大学合作推广服务和印第安纳州气候办公室；以及中西部地区气候合作伙伴？伊利诺伊大学、西肯塔基大学、俄亥俄州立大学、密歇根州立大学、威斯康星大学。

INTEROP: Developing Community-based DRought Information NetworkProtocols and Tools for Multidisciplinary Regional Scale Applications(DRInet)Purdue UniverstiyDrought is a slow-acting natural hazard characterized by critical water shortages with far-reaching consequences. The National Drought Policy Act of 1998 and the follow-on National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) legislation of 2006 indicate the immense importance of good drought information. Evidence suggests that a drought has many impacts, which can be categorized as economic, environmental, or social:- Regional air quality (possibly increasing ozone levels, dust, and biogenic emissions),- Plant disease potential (by making plants more vulnerable to certain diseases and rusts),- Human health (both through substandard water and in some cases dust and other emissions),- Reduced crop, rangeland, and forest productivity,- Increased fire hazard and indirectly insurance rates,- Reduced water levels and access to recreation,- Increased livestock and wildlife mortality rates,- Direct and indirect impact on regional economy,- Higher cost of living due to increased prices for food and timber and unemployment,- Reduced regional tax revenues because of reduced expenditures,- Increased crime, and foreclosures on bank loans to farmers and businesses, and- Migration and reduced living worthiness of a region.Drought maps and information on the intensity, geographic extent, and duration of meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts draw users ranging from farmers to scientists. While drought mapping nationally has been standardized through the U.S. Drought Monitor, local and regional scale interpretation is still evolving. Relevant data are generated by different scientific domains and qualitative information from a number of sources on factors such as ground impacts, timing of a drought, and regional vulnerability or resilience also factors into analyses. However, all this data is not currently interoperable for sharing and comparison for different stakeholders, nor is it optimally integrated to characterize drought risks and user decisions in real time. It is not easy to access information for risk mitigation at the watershed, county, or farm levels.Purdue University is developing a regional drought information web portal, DRInet, which will be a focal point for collecting, synthesizing and disseminating local- to regional-scale drought-related datasets and commentary in a systematic, retrievable way. DRInet will provide a basis for the community to better assess and accommodate droughts and drought impacts. By formalizing data and information exchange, DRInet puts drought data, drought forecasts, and the analysis of causal factors for droughts into an interoperable framework that allows new dialogues between different disciplines and so creates novel opportunities for research and economic well being. DRInet also provides a means for interfacing with the community for assessing drought triggers, evaluating possible causal factors for short-term and long-term drought evolution, delineating the impact on the drought monitor network, and developing novel linkages with stakeholders for applications related to drought impacts on air quality, water quality, economic forecasts, plant disease etc. DRInet will enable farmers to use the local drought data, soil condition and weather forecasts to decide when and how intensely to irrigate. Other constituencies interested in accurate drought data include climatologists, hydrologists, county extension educators and town managers, economists, agriculture experts, policy makers, media, and the commodity market, each wanting to use drought data for their particular purposes.DRInet will benefit from community participation including those from National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska Lincoln; National Water and Climate Center, NRCS, Portland; NOAA Central Region Climate Focal Point; Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; International Center for Water Resources Management, Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio; Agriculture and Natural Resource (ANR) Program, Purdue University Cooperative Extension Services and Indiana State Climate Office; and the Midwest Regional Climate Partners ? University of Illinois, Western Kentucky University, Ohio State University, Michigan State University, University of Wisconsin.