Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Genes, Language and Culture in Tewa Ethnogenesis

斯科特·奥特曼在米歇尔·海格蒙博士的指导下，将调查公元13世纪普韦布洛印第安人从四角地区到新墨西哥州北部的迁徙，作为一个案例研究，研究基因、语言和文化受到人口迁徙事件影响的不同方式。公元13世纪，新墨西哥州北部里约热内卢格兰德山谷的人口增长一直与四角地区向西部和西北部的移民有关。大湖区当代普韦布洛语言的多样性表明，说几种不同语言的人参与了这些迁徙，但大湖区后迁徙遗址的物质文化并没有很好地映射到历史上的语言分布，也没有与早期四角考古文化表现出明显的连续性。语言和考古学之间缺乏契合，这就是为什么大普韦布洛人的起源仍然是北美考古学中的一个经典谜题。拟议的研究将通过调查特瓦人的起源来重新审视这个谜题，特瓦人是大草原上主要的普韦布洛部落之一。具体来说，这项研究将侧重于当今Tewa盆地人口与梅萨维德地区古代人口之间的关系，梅萨维德地区是最常被称为Tewa家园的地区。该项目将通过五项调查来追踪特瓦人的遗传、语言和文化背景：1)使用骨骼遗骸数据评估特瓦盆地和梅萨维德人口之间的生物关系；2)通过对特瓦语与相关语言中考古可查物项的文字比对分析，估计特瓦语作为一种独特语言的时间长度；3)通过对有Tewa名字的遗址进行考古测年，估计Tewa在里约热内卢Grande地区使用的时间长度；4)在移民之前，梅萨维德地区是否使用Tewa语，将使用一种新的方法进行评估，该方法将检查嵌入语言中的隐喻表达的考古记录；5)梅萨维德和特瓦盆地遗址之间物质文化的连续性和非连续性将使用通过人种学和历史迁移研究开发的框架进行检查。这项跨学科的研究将澄清具体的美洲印第安人社区和考古遗址之间的关系，并可能有助于联邦法律规定的遣返过程。它还将评估一种追踪语言社区的新方法，并将有助于人类学子领域的统一。公众将通过克罗峡谷考古中心的项目直接参与，研究结果将通过这些项目向公众和美国印第安人顾问传播。最后，这项研究将通过确定在四角地区的某些国家公园和纪念碑中使用的语言，大大扩大公众对考古遗址的解释。

Scott Ortman, under the direction of Dr. Michelle Hegmon, will investigate the 13th century A.D. migration of Pueblo Indians from the Four Corners area to northern New Mexico as a case study of the different ways genes, language and culture are affected by episodes of population movement. The rise of population in the northern Rio Grande valley of New Mexico during the 13th century A.D. has long been linked to migration from the Four Corners area to the west and northwest. The diversity of contemporary Pueblo languages in the Rio Grande suggests that people speaking several different languages took part in these migrations, but the material culture of post-migration Rio Grande sites does not map onto historic language distributions very well, and does not exhibit obvious continuities with earlier archaeological cultures of the Four Corners. This lack of fit between language and archaeology is why the origins of the Rio Grande Pueblos remains a classic puzzle in North American archaeology. The proposed research will take a fresh look at this puzzle by investigating the origins of the Tewa, one of the major Pueblo groups of the Rio Grande. Specifically, this research will focus on relationships between the present-day Tewa basin population and the ancient population of the Mesa Verde region, the area most commonly cited as the Tewa homeland. The project will trace the genetic, linguistic, and cultural background of the Tewa using five lines of investigation: 1) biological relationships between Tewa basin and Mesa Verde populations will be assessed using data from skeletal remains; 2) the length of time Tewa has been a distinct language will be estimated through comparative analysis of words for archaeologically-datable objects in Tewa and related languages; 3) the length of time Tewa has been spoken in the Rio Grande will be estimated through archaeological dating of sites with Tewa names; 4) whether Tewa was spoken in the Mesa Verde region prior to migration will be assessed using a new method, which examines the archaeological record for expressions of the metaphors embedded in languages; 5) continuities and discontinuities in material culture between Mesa Verde and Tewa basin sites will be examined using frameworks developed through ethnographic and historic migration studies. This interdisciplinary research will clarify affiliations between specific American Indian communities and archaeological sites, and may assist in the repatriation process mandated by federal law. It will also evaluate a new method for tracing speech communities and will contribute to reunification of the subfields of Anthropology. Members of the public will participate directly through programs at the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, and research results will be disseminated to the public and to American Indian advisors through these programs. Finally, this research will greatly expand public interpretation of archaeological sites by determining the languages that were spoken in certain national parks and monuments of the Four Corners area.