Virulence Tradeoffs in a Vertebrate Virus

随着最近出现的许多严重的人类疾病(如西尼罗河、SARS、汉坦病毒)，了解决定病原体演变为毒力或良性的因素变得越来越重要。传统观点认为，病原体应该总是朝着与宿主良性共存的方向进化。然而，有大量证据表明，病原体有时会进化成严重的疾病，这表明在某些情况下，高毒力可能是有利的。这被称为毒性权衡。在这个项目中，将利用鱼类病毒IHNV及其虹鲑鱼宿主来探索毒力的进化。毒力不同的病毒株将在一种新的系统中进行测试，以量化活着的幼鱼感染期间的病毒适合性。结果将被用来开发一个人口规模的模型，该模型将确定预测导致毒力增加的因素。最后，将通过比较不同环境中出现的病毒田间毒株的毒力来验证模型预测。病原菌毒力的进化已经成为一个主要的研究领域，已经开发了许多理论模型来调用毒力权衡。由于普遍缺乏实验数据，这一领域的进展受到阻碍，特别是在脊椎动物宿主-病原体系统中。在这个项目中，实验和理论方法的结合将提供关于毒力权衡的存在和性质的新信息，加强我们对重要的兽医和人类疾病是如何出现的理解。该项目还将培训研究生和本科生，包括来自科学界代表性不足群体的个人。

With the recent emergence of many severe human diseases (e.g., West Nile, SARS, Hantavirus), it has become increasingly important to understand the factors that determine whether pathogens evolve to become virulent or benign. The conventional wisdom states that a pathogen should always evolve towards a benign coexistence with its host. However, there is substantial evidence that pathogens sometimes evolve to cause severe disease, suggesting that high virulence may be advantageous in some cases. This is referred to as virulence trade-offs. In this project the fish virus IHNV and its rainbow trout host will be used to explore the evolution of virulence. Virus strains that differ in virulence will be tested in a novel system for quantifying viral fitness during infection in living juvenile trout. Results will be used to develop a population-scale model that will identify factors predicted to lead to increased virulence. Finally, the model predictions will be tested by comparing virulence of virus field strains that occur in different environments.The evolution of pathogen virulence has become a major field of investigation and numerous theoretical models have been developed invoking virulence trade-offs. Progress in this field is hampered by a general lack of experimental data, particularly in vertebrate host-pathogen systems. In this project a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches will provide novel information on the existence and nature of virulence tradeoffs, enhancing our understanding of how important veterinary and human diseases emerge. The project will also train graduate and undergraduate students, including individuals from groups under-represented in the sciences.