Haldane's rule in plants? A test using Silene species both with and without sex chromosomes

哈勒定律（HR）是动物物种形成研究中最普遍的观察结果，其中物种之间的杂交导致XY性染色体的雄性或ZW性染色体的雌性的生存力或生育力降低。自成立以来，以动物为中心的角度已经占主导地位的HR工作。这项研究将测试HR和它的遗传基础，使用五种开花植物属蝇子草。涉及种间杂交的三个实验，连同定量遗传分析，将允许记录（1）HR是否发生在植物中的存活力或育性，（2）常染色体、X和Y染色体、细胞质遗传元件及其相互作用在HR中涉及的程度，以及（3）控制雄性生殖性状的基因是否进化得相对较快并导致雄性生育力降低。这项研究的结果将解决生殖隔离如何导致物种形成的基本方面，因此将引起大多数生物学家的普遍兴趣。通过研究性染色体相对年轻的植物，这项研究将解决HR的普遍性和导致HR的生殖不相容性的时间这一重要问题。这项工作将允许对许多本科生和研究生进行物种形成研究和进化遗传学方面的培训。

Haldane's rule (HR) is the most universal observation in speciation research on animals, wherein hybridization between species leads to lower viability or fertility in either males with XY sex chromosomes or females with ZW sex chromosomes. Since its inception, an animal-centric perspective has dominated work on HR. This study will test for HR and its genetic basis using five flowering plant species in the genus Silene. Three experiments involving between-species crosses, together with quantitative-genetic analyses, will allow documentation of (1) whether HR occurs in plants for either viability or fertility, (2) the extent to which the autosomes, X and Y chromosomes, cytoplasmic genetic elements, and their interactions are involved in HR, and (3) whether genes controlling male reproductive traits evolve relatively fast and contribute to reduced male fertility. The results of this study will address fundamental aspects of how reproductive isolation leads to speciation and will therefore be of general interest to most biologists. By working with plants with relatively young sex chromosomes, the research will address the important question of the generality of HR and the timing of the reproductive incompatibilities that lead to HR. The work will allow the training of numerous undergraduate and graduate students in speciation research and evolutionary genetics.