Haldane's rule in plants? A test using Silene species both with and without sex chromosomes

霍尔丹规则（Haldane’s rule， HR）是动物物种形成研究中最普遍的观察结果，即物种间杂交导致XY性染色体的雄性或ZW性染色体的雌性的生存能力或生育能力降低。从一开始，以动物为中心的观点就主导着人力资源工作。本研究将利用五种开花植物——硅草属植物，对其进行遗传基础研究。三个涉及物种间杂交的实验，以及定量遗传分析，将允许记录：(1)HR在植物中是为了生存力还是育性而发生，(2)常染色体、X和Y染色体、细胞质遗传元件及其相互作用在多大程度上参与HR，以及(3)控制雄性生殖性状的基因是否进化相对较快，并导致雄性育性降低。这项研究的结果将解决生殖隔离如何导致物种形成的基本问题，因此将引起大多数生物学家的普遍兴趣。通过研究具有相对年轻性染色体的植物，该研究将解决HR的普遍性和导致HR的生殖不相容的时间这一重要问题。这项工作将使许多本科生和研究生在物种形成研究和进化遗传学方面得到培训。

Haldane's rule (HR) is the most universal observation in speciation research on animals, wherein hybridization between species leads to lower viability or fertility in either males with XY sex chromosomes or females with ZW sex chromosomes. Since its inception, an animal-centric perspective has dominated work on HR. This study will test for HR and its genetic basis using five flowering plant species in the genus Silene. Three experiments involving between-species crosses, together with quantitative-genetic analyses, will allow documentation of (1) whether HR occurs in plants for either viability or fertility, (2) the extent to which the autosomes, X and Y chromosomes, cytoplasmic genetic elements, and their interactions are involved in HR, and (3) whether genes controlling male reproductive traits evolve relatively fast and contribute to reduced male fertility. The results of this study will address fundamental aspects of how reproductive isolation leads to speciation and will therefore be of general interest to most biologists. By working with plants with relatively young sex chromosomes, the research will address the important question of the generality of HR and the timing of the reproductive incompatibilities that lead to HR. The work will allow the training of numerous undergraduate and graduate students in speciation research and evolutionary genetics.