RUI: Speciation in the Sea: Developmental Evolution and Host Shifts in the Sacoglossa

为了有效地保护生物多样性，我们必须确定现有物种，并认识到产生物种丰富的力量。河流和山脉可以将陆地种群分离数百万年，使它们分裂成不同的物种；然而，我们几乎不知道物种是如何在海洋中形成的，因为海洋中几乎没有这样的边界来移动。如果一些个体继承了对新栖息地或食物来源的偏好，或者如果一个物种进化出非迁徙幼虫后种群在遗传上变得支离破碎，物种形成可能随之而来。为了验证这些想法，我们将构建一份来自全球各地的食草性海懒的家谱，通过对它们的DNA进行系统发育分析来推断物种之间的亲缘关系。对于每个物种，我们将确定用作食物和栖息地的寄主海藻，以及产生的幼虫类型(散布和非迁徙)。通过建立藻类宿主、幼虫类型和物种之间的关系，我们可以确定哪些性状对这一群体的物种形成做出了贡献。如果鼻涕虫转移到不同的宿主藻类上形成新的物种，这将颠覆长期以来关于海洋物种形成的假设。这项研究还将测试非迁徙幼虫是否由于母亲产生更大后代的压力而进化，以及这些幼虫是否反过来促进新物种的形成。这些结果将有助于我们理解为什么某些地区或群体的动物比其他地区或群体的物种更多，并导致许多新的海参物种的描述。这两个方面对于保护海洋的生物丰富性至关重要。

To effectively conserve biodiversity, we must identify existing species and recognize the forces that generate species richness. Rivers and mountains can separate terrestrial populations for millions of years, allowing them to split into distinct species; however, we have little idea how species form in the ocean where there are few such boundaries to movement. Speciation could follow if some individuals inherited a preference for a new habitat or food source, or if populations became genetically fragmented after a species evolved non-migrating larvae. To test these ideas, we will construct a family tree of herbivorous sea slugs from across the globe, inferring relatedness among species by phylogenetic analysis of their DNA. For each species we will determine the host seaweed used as both food and habitat, and the type of larvae produced (dispersing versus non-migratory). By establishing algal hosts, larval types, and relationships among species, we can determine which traits have contributed to speciation in this group. If new species form when slugs switch onto different host algae, this will overturn long-held assumptions about speciation in the sea. This study will also test whether non-migratory larvae evolve due to pressure on mothers to make bigger offspring, and whether such larvae in turn promote the formation of new species. The results will advance our understanding of why certain regions or groups of animals have more species than others, and lead to the description of many new sea slug species. Both aspects are critical to preserving the ocean's biological richness.