SGER: Identity and Phylogenetic Significance of Biomarkers in Paleozoic Crinoids

古生代脊椎动物生物标志物的识别和系统发育意义Pis：William I.Ausich和余平中国俄亥俄州立大学地球科学学院这个项目将扩大我们对从密西西比州脊椎动物中提取的分类单元特异性生物标志物的初步研究。到目前为止，我们已经确定：1，可以从单个化石标本中提取分类群特有的有机分子；2，这些分子在同一物种的不同标本中是一致的，不同于其他类群，并且与周围沉积物中的分子明显不同；3，所提取的化石分子具有系统发育意义，与更接近的类群具有更相似的分子；以及4，所提取的分子最有可能是取代的蒽醌，类似于已知的由活的海百合产生的分子。这些结果是通过对两个地区的有限数量的化石标本进行分析得出的。这个项目的目的是在更大的范围内建立我们早期工作的可行性，并建立保存在这些提取的分子中的系统发育信息的意义。具体目标包括：1，确定古生代海百合中保存的分子的结构和身份；2，由于采样具有破坏性，确定分析所需的最少物质量；3，确定这些生物标志物中系统发育信号的分辨率。系统发育意义将通过以下抽样设计进行检验：1，分析其他密西西比州产状的海百合，以确定同时代背景下生物标志物的一致性和存在；2，研究从奥陶纪到侏罗纪的海百合，以评估随着时间的推移的系统发育意义；3，尽可能从活的海百合中提取分子。这项SGER工作将为研究生提供支持，并为俄亥俄州立大学化学仪器中心的实验室用品和化学分析提供资金。分析将包括UV-Vis光谱分析，ESI中的Microms LC-TOF质谱仪，拆分模式下的Finnitan Trace GC质谱仪，以及3D激发-发射模式下的Cary Eclipse荧光光谱仪，其中将包括我们围绕PARAFAC框架开发的专门针对拟议研究的模型。拟议的研究结果有望建立一个全新的研究领域，并改变古生物学家研究棘皮化石的方式，如果不是一般的化石的话。然而，真正的意义无法确定，直到更广泛的假设阵列用更多的分析来测试，如本文所建议的。

Identity and Phylogenetic Significance of Biomarkers in Paleozoic CrinoidsPIs: William I. Ausich and Yu-Ping ChinSchool of Earth SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityThis project will expand our initial studies on taxon-specific biomarkers that we have extracted from Mississippian crinoids. To date, we have established that: 1, taxon-specific organic molecules can be extracted from individual fossil specimens; 2, these molecules are consistent for different specimens of the same species, different from other taxa, and distinctly different from molecules from enclosing sediments; 3, extracted fossil molecules display a phylogenetic significance with more closely related taxa having more similar molecules; and 4, extracted molecules are most probably a substituted anthraquinone, similar to classes of molecules known to be produced by living crinoids. These results are from analysis of a limited number of fossil specimens from two localities. This project is designed to establish the feasibility of our earlier work on a larger scale and to establish the significance of the phylogenetic information preserved in these extracted molecules. Specific objectives include: 1, determine the structure and identity of the preserved molecules in Paleozoic crinoids; 2, because sampling is destructive, determine the least amount of material needed for analysis; 3, determine the resolution of the phylogenetic signal in these biomarkers. The phylogenetic significance will be tested with the following sampling design: 1, analyze crinoids from other Mississippian occurrences to determine consistency and existence of biomarkers in coeval settings; 2, examine crinoids from the Ordovician to the Jurassic to assess the phylogenetic significance through time; and 3, as possible, molecules will be extracted from living crinoids. This SGER work will provide graduate student support and funding for laboratory supplies and chemical analyses from the Ohio State University Chemical Instrumentation Center. Analyses will include UV-Vis light spectroscopy, Micromass LC-TOF mass spectrometer in ESI, Finnegan Trace GC mass spectrometer in split mode, and Cary Eclipse spectrofluorimeter in 3-D Excitation-Emission mode, which will include development of our own model around the PARAFAC framework that is specific for the proposed research.Results of the proposed research have the promise to establish an entirely new research field and to transform the way paleontologists study fossil echinoderms, if not fossils in general. However, the true significance cannot be determined until a wider array of hypotheses is tested with many more analyses, as proposed herein.