Collaborative Research: Parameterization of Gas Flux at High Wind Speed

O2和N2的海气交换率将在高风速至极端风速（20-60米/秒）下测量。 将从这些数据中发展出对气体交换过程和通量率参数化的物理理解。2008年和2009年，定制的水跟随拉格朗日浮子将被空中部署到飓风中。将使用两种不同的商用氧传感器和定制的总气体张力传感器的组合，从O2和N2的混合层预算和垂直速度和气体浓度的涡动协方差测量通量。浮标还将测量温度和盐度、表面波光谱、表面波破碎率和气泡特性。额外的剖面EM-APEX浮标将提供模拟气体预算混合部分所需的温度、盐度和速度的深度-时间剖面。 风和压力数据将由作业飞机遥感和投下式探空仪数据提供。 在2006年和2007年SOLAS-DOGEE方案的两次北大西洋航行中，将对通量测量技术与其他方法进行比较。建模和数据分析将侧重于理解气泡介导的气体传输的物理学原理，并将利用这一理解来制定高风速下气体传输速率的新参数。更广泛的影响海气界面上的气体交换是全球碳收支的关键组成部分。在高风速下的气体交换率的参数化的unestablishments导致高达70%的不确定性，直接计算的全球净CO2吸收的海洋。这项工作的目的是减少这些不确定性，通过改善参数化。该项目开发的气体传感器将在市场上销售。它们将专门设计用于自主平台，如浮子，滑翔机，表面漂移器和自主水下航行器。 一名目前就读的研究生将通过完成他的博士论文得到支持。本科生将在夏季参加罗得岛大学和华盛顿大学的活动。

The rate of air-sea exchange of O2 and N2 will be measured at high to extreme wind speeds (20-60 m/s). A physical understanding of the gas exchange processes and parameterizations of the flux rates will be developed from this data. Custom-built water-following Lagrangian floats will be air-deployed into hurricanes during 2008 and 2009. Fluxes will be measured from the mixed layer budgets of O2 and N2 and from the eddy-covariance of vertical velocity and gas concentration using a combination of two different commercial oxygen sensors and custom-built total gas tension sensors. The floats will also measure temperature and salinity, surface wave spectra, surface wave breaking rates and bubble properties. Additional profiling EM-APEX floats will provide the depth-time profiles of temperature, salinity and velocity necessary to model the mixing component of the gas budgets. Wind and pressure data will be provided by operational aircraft remote sensing and drop sonde data. The flux measurement techniques will be compared with other methods during two North Atlantic cruises of the SOLAS-DOGEE program during 2006 and 2007. Modeling and data analysis will focus on understanding the physics of bubble-mediated gas transfer and will use this understanding to formulate new parameterizations of gas transfer rates at high wind speeds.Broader Impacts.Gas exchange across the air-sea interface is a key component of the global carbon budget. Uncertainties in the parameterizations for gas exchange rate at high wind speeds lead to uncertainties of up to 70% in the directly computed net global CO2 uptake by the ocean. This work aims to reduce these uncertainties by improving the parameterizations. The gas sensors developed by this project will be commercially available. They will be specifically designed for use on autonomous platforms such as floats, gliders, surface drifters and autonomous underwater vehicles. One currently enrolled graduate student will be supported through the completion of his Ph.D thesis. Undergraduates will participate during the summers at both the University of Rhode island and the University of Washington.