Morphological adaptations (plasticity) of mangrove trees to environmental stress and their consequences for local plant interactions and regeneration patterns in degraded mangrove ecosystems

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Mangrove ecosystems worldwide are currently lost or degraded at unprecedented rates. This imposes a major threat to biodiversity in coastal and marine ecosystems, jeopardizing the well-being of millions of people. Mangrove restoration thus receives increasing attention but often fails when planting saplings is the primary tool. There is an urgent need to develop the scientific basis for successful restoration, including a better understanding of the adaptability of pioneer trees. Using a degraded area in north Brazil as an example, we will examine adaptations in tree growth and morphology to harsh conditions. Previous studies revealed that pioneers develop shrub morphology, whereas subsequent establishers develop as trees. We will analyze the ecological consequences of these changes for local plant interactions, including facilitation, and their impact on stand-level regeneration. The intensity and importance of local interactions between mangrove shrubs and trees will be examined based on above- and below-ground biomass allocation. Growth of trees and saplings as well as their morphology will be explored using recently developed computer models describing plant architecture. Complex stand-level effects emerging from these interactions will be simulated using an existing individualbased model and used to explain regeneration patterns observed in nature. Our study will improve the general understanding of the link between morphological adaptations of individual plants, local regeneration, and biodiversity.