Worldwide Patterns and Change in Gender Egalitarianism

性别平等主义的全球模式和变化

• 批准号: 0848623
• 负责人: Fred Pampel
• 金额: $ 8.3万
• 依托单位: University of Colorado at Boulder
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-05-15 至 2011-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0848623&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Worldwide; Patterns; Change; Gender; Egalitarianism

Beliefs and attitudes favoring equality of opportunities for women have grown dramatically over the last decades in the United States and other industrialized, low-fertility nations. Although not to the same extent, gender egalitarian views have also grown in many low- and middle-income nations of South America, Asia, and Africa. What caused these changes? One theory attributes special importance to new education and work roles for women in advanced industrial economies. Another theory posits that values of people in all roles -- traditional as well as modern, male as well as female -- become more egalitarian with economic and social development. This project proposes a third, diffusion theory that combines components of the other two. It posits that economic and social development first increase gender egalitarianism among those in modern positions and roles, thus creating a gap between traditionalists and feminists. Later, however, diffusion of egalitarian values to those in traditional roles occurs, the gap between innovators and others diminishes, and goals of gender equality become widely accepted. The methodology for the project tests these theories using surveys of citizens in 84 nations across the world from 1983 to 2002. The surveys ask numerous questions on the proper work and family roles of women. The analysis can thus examine how education, work, family, and religion affect gender egalitarian views across nations at different levels of economic development, gender equality, and political rights.This research has important broader social impacts. Equal opportunity for women has become a widely accepted goal of most nations and inter-governmental organizations. Gender egalitarian views help empower women in daily life, improve health of women and children, increase access to rewarding work, lend more choice in family roles, and encourage political participation. Understanding how support for gender equality spreads within and across societies can contribute to improving worldwide equal opportunity.

在过去的几十年里，在美国和其他工业化的低生育率国家，有利于妇女机会平等的信念和态度急剧增长。 虽然程度不同，但在南美洲、亚洲和非洲的许多低收入和中等收入国家，性别平等观点也有所增长。 是什么导致了这些变化？ 一种理论认为，在发达工业经济体中，女性的新教育和工作角色特别重要。 另一种理论认为，随着经济和社会的发展，各种角色的人-传统的和现代的，男性的和女性的-的价值观变得更加平等。 这个项目提出了第三个，扩散理论，结合其他两个组件。 它认为，经济和社会发展首先增加了现代职位和角色中的性别平等主义，从而在传统主义者和女权主义者之间产生了差距。 然而，后来，平等主义价值观向传统角色的人传播，创新者与其他人之间的差距缩小，两性平等的目标得到广泛接受。 该项目的方法是利用1983年至2002年对全世界84个国家的公民进行的调查来检验这些理论。 这些调查就妇女的适当工作和家庭角色提出了许多问题。 因此，这项分析可以研究教育、工作、家庭和宗教如何影响不同经济发展水平、性别平等和政治权利的国家的性别平等观，这项研究具有重要的更广泛的社会影响。 妇女享有平等机会已成为大多数国家和政府间组织普遍接受的目标。 两性平等的观点有助于在日常生活中赋予妇女权力，改善妇女和儿童的健康，增加获得有价值工作的机会，在家庭角色方面提供更多选择，并鼓励政治参与。 了解对性别平等的支持如何在社会内部和社会之间传播，有助于改善全世界的平等机会。