Collaborative Research: Hypoxia and the ecology, behavior and physiology of jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas

合作研究：缺氧与大乌贼 Dosidicus gigas 的生态、行为和生理学

• 批准号: 0850839
• 负责人: William Gilly
• 金额: $ 38.07万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-08-01 至 2013-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0850839&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Hypoxia; ecology; behavior

"This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5)."This project concerns the ecological physiology of Dosidicus gigas, a large squid endemic to the eastern Pacific where it inhabits both open ocean and continental shelf environments. Questions to be addressed include: 1) How does utilization of the OML by D. gigas vary on both a daily and seasonal basis, and how do the vertical distributions of the OML and its associated fauna vary? 2)What behaviors of squid are impaired by conditions found in the OML, and how are impairments compensated to minimize costs of utilizing this environment? and 3)What are the physiological and biochemical processes by which squid maintain swimming activity at such remarkable levels under low oxygen conditions? The investigators will use an integrated approach involving oceanographic, acoustic, electronic tagging, physiological and biochemical methods. D. gigas provides a trophic connection between small, midwater organisms and top vertebrate predators, and daily vertical migrations between near-surface waters and a deep, low-oxygen environment (OML) characterize normal behavior of adult squid. Electronic tagging has shown that this squid can remain active for extended periods in the cold, hypoxic conditions of the upper OML. Laboratory studies have demonstrated suppression of aerobic metabolism during a cold, hypoxic challenge, but anaerobic metabolism does not appear to account for the level of activity maintained. Utilization of the OML in the wild may permit daytime foraging on midwater organisms. Foraging also occurs near the surface at night, and Dosidicus may thus be able to feed continuously. D. gigas is present in different regions of the Guaymas Basin on a predicable year-round basis, allowing changes in squid distribution to be related to changing oceanographic features on a variety time scales. This research is of broad interest because Dosidicus gigas has substantially extended its range over the last decade, and foraging on commercially important finfish in invaded areas off California and Chile has been reported. In addition, the OML has expanded during the last several decades, mostly vertically by shoaling, including in the Gulf of Alaska, the Southern California Bight and several productive regions of tropical oceans, and a variety of ecological impacts will almost certainly accompany changes in the OML. Moreover, D. gigas currently supports the world's largest squid fishery, and this study will provide acoustic methods for reliable biomass estimates, with implications for fisheries management in Mexico and elsewhere. A related goal is to work with colleagues in Mexico on a squid fishery management plan. Previous work involved collaboration with Mexican colleagues, including training and research opportunities for undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral students from both nations. It also involved public outreach efforts through television, print and web media. This charismatic species provides an excellent means to connect climate change with ecological effects, and outreach activities will continue with this theme. A new international effort will establish a laboratory for research on squid at the site of field work in Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The facility will involve Mexican college students in marine research and implement local educational programs.

“该奖项是根据2009年美国复苏和再投资法案(公法111-5)资助的。”该项目涉及东太平洋特有的大型鱿鱼Dosidicus Gigas的生态生理学，在那里它同时生活在开阔的海洋和大陆架环境中。需要解决的问题包括：1)大金枪鱼对OML的利用在每日和季节基础上是如何变化的，以及OML及其相关动物的垂直分布是如何变化的？2)OML中发现的条件会损害鱿鱼的哪些行为，以及如何对损害进行补偿，以最大限度地减少利用这种环境的成本？3)鱿鱼在低氧条件下保持如此显著的游泳活动的生理和生化过程是什么？调查人员将使用综合方法，包括海洋学、声学、电子标记、生理和生化方法。巨型乌贼在小型中水生物和顶级脊椎动物捕食者之间提供了营养联系，成年鱿鱼的正常行为是在近地表水域和深水低氧环境(OML)之间的每日垂直迁徙。电子标签表明，这种鱿鱼可以在寒冷、低氧的上层OML条件下保持较长时间的活动。实验室研究表明，在寒冷、低氧的挑战中，有氧代谢受到抑制，但无氧代谢似乎不能解释维持的活动水平。在野外利用OML可能允许白天在中水生物上觅食。夜间也会在地表附近觅食，因此多西迪乌斯可能会连续进食。在瓜伊马斯盆地的不同区域全年都有可预测的鱿鱼分布，这使得鱿鱼分布的变化与不同时间尺度上海洋特征的变化有关。这项研究引起了广泛的兴趣，因为在过去的十年里，巨鳍金枪鱼的活动范围大大扩大了，而且有报道称，在加利福尼亚州和智利附近的入侵地区觅食具有重要商业价值的鳍鱼。此外，海洋生态系统在过去几十年中不断扩大，主要是垂直于浅滩，包括阿拉斯加湾、南加利福尼亚州海湾和热带海洋的几个多产地区，各种生态影响几乎肯定会伴随着海洋生态系统的变化而来。此外，D.gias目前支持世界上最大的鱿鱼渔业，这项研究将为可靠的生物量估计提供声学方法，并对墨西哥和其他地方的渔业管理产生影响。一个相关的目标是与墨西哥的同事合作制定鱿鱼渔业管理计划。之前的工作涉及与墨西哥同事的合作，包括为两国的本科生、研究生和博士后提供培训和研究机会。它还涉及通过电视、印刷和网络媒体进行的公共宣传努力。这种极具魅力的物种提供了将气候变化与生态影响联系起来的绝佳手段，将继续围绕这一主题开展外联活动。一项新的国际努力将在墨西哥南下加利福尼亚州圣罗萨利亚的野外工作现场建立一个研究鱿鱼的实验室。该设施将让墨西哥大学生参与海洋研究，并实施当地的教育项目。