Doctoral Dissertation Research Grant: Learning Networks and Social Diversity in the Chaco System, A.D. 850-1140: An Analysis of Basketry Technological Style

在w·h·威尔斯博士的监督下，爱德华·a·朱莉将在查科峡谷和新墨西哥州西北部的查科地区系统内进行研究，检查前西班牙社会多样性的证据。在公元850年至1140年之间，查科峡谷见证了大型公共结构的快速建设，在那里以前存在着较小的定居点，并成为美国西南部四角地区广泛区域系统的核心。尽管研究人员对社会政治复杂性的增加在这一发展中的作用进行了辩论，但对社会多样性的关注却很少。这是值得注意的，因为先前的研究表明，在峡谷内和整个区域系统中，可能存在多个社会或生物上不同的群体。编织为提高对查科社会多样性的理解提供了一条途径，但由于对陶瓷和建筑的保护偏见，在查科的研究中，它在很大程度上被忽视了。本研究将检查查科系统内13个遗址的考古篮子，以：(1)检查社会多样性的证据；(2)确定查科峡谷居住者可能的文化或地理亲和力。本研究将以博物馆馆藏为研究对象，透过对编织技术风格的分析，找出过去的学习网络，并探讨社会多样性。了解查科系统中社会多样性的性质和程度对于描述其内部结构至关重要。如果不了解社会多样性，就很难确定管理经济和仪式组织的社会政治组织的细节和过程，或者它如何影响后查科重组和移民。本论文将对查科峡谷考古的现有文献做出贡献，并通过记录未被充分研究的博物馆藏品，为公众提供解释。在这项研究中获得的原始数据将对先前提出的用于解释查科社会政治组织的评估模型产生影响。从凉鞋数据中估计身高和性别构成了人体测量工具的新应用，而残留物分析和放射性碳定年的结果将增强我们对多个地点的使用和年代的理解。这项研究也有可能为关于社会多样性在中等社会中社会政治复杂性发展中的作用的研究提供信息。这个项目更广泛的意义在于它能够帮助几个博物馆和国家公园的考古解释，这些博物馆和国家公园是游客的重要目的地。该项目利用未被充分研究的博物馆藏品，强调了这些稀有藏品的重要性，并强调了为后代策划和保护它们的必要性。这项研究的发现也可能有助于讨论政策制定和美洲原住民声称与四角地区查科考古遗址的文化联系，因为该项目探索了一个考古证据表明可能有多个社会群体生活在一起的案例。这项研究是及时的，因为它补充了目前在圣胡安中部地区和普韦布洛博尼托的研究项目。此外，该项目将通过部分满足新墨西哥大学人类学博士学位的要求，进一步对美洲原住民考古学家进行专业培训。

Under the supervision of Dr. W. H. Wills, Edward A. Jolie will conduct research examining evidence for prehispanic social diversity within Chaco Canyon and throughout the Chaco regional system of northwestern New Mexico. Between A.D. 850 and 1140, Chaco Canyon witnessed the rapid construction of large communal structures where smaller settlements had existed previously and became the core of an extensive regional system in the Four Corners region of the U.S. Southwest. Although researchers debate the role of increased sociopolitical complexity in this development, less attention has been given to social diversity. This is remarkable because previous research has suggested the possibility of multiple socially or biologically distinct groups both within the canyon and throughout the regional system. Basketry provides an avenue for improving understanding of Chacoan social diversity, but has been largely ignored in research on Chaco due to the bias of preservation towards ceramics and architecture. This research will examine archaeological basketry from 13 sites within the Chaco system to (1) examine evidence for social diversity and (2) identify the possible cultural or geographic affinities of Chaco Canyon's occupants. Using museum collections this study will employ analyses of basketry technological style to identify past learning networks and investigate social diversity. Understanding the nature and extent of social diversity in the Chaco system is vital to describing its internal structure. Without knowledge of social diversity it is difficult to specify the details and processes of sociopolitical organization that managed economic and ritual organization, or how it affected post-Chacoan reorganization and migration. This dissertation will contribute to existing literature on the archaeology of Chaco Canyon and aid interpretation for the public by documenting understudied museum collections. Original data acquired during this research will have implications for evaluating models previously proposed to explain Chacoan sociopolitical organization. The estimation of stature and, possibly, sex from sandal data constitutes a novel application of anthropometric tools, while results of residue analyses and radiocarbon dates will enhance our understanding of multiple sites' use and chronology. There is also potential for this study to inform research on the role of social diversity in the development of sociopolitical complexity among middle-range societies more generally.The broader significance of this project lies in its ability to aid archaeological interpretation at several museums and national parks which are important destinations for the visiting public. Drawing on understudied museum collections, the project underscores the importance of these rare collections and reinforces the need to curate and preserve them for future generations. This study's findings may also contribute to discussions of policymaking and Native American claims of cultural affiliation with Chacoan archaeological sites in the Four Corners region because the project explores a case where archaeological evidence suggests that there may have been multiple social groups living together. This research is timely because it complements current research programs in the Middle San Juan region and at Pueblo Bonito. Additionally, this project will further the professional training of a Native American archaeologist by serving as partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doctoral degree in anthropology from the University of New Mexico.