Three-Dimensional Models of Faulting During Oblique Continental Extension

大陆倾斜伸展过程中断层的三维模型

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    0911565
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2009
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2009-07-01 至 2012-06-30
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).A newly developed three dimensional numerical modeling code that can deal with elasto-visco-plastic deformation will be used to study the controls on faulting during oblique continental extension. This project is a two-phase study that focuses on the controls on patterns of tectonic extension of continental lithosphere. The first phase of the project deals with general questions about the physics of fault development and builds directly on previous work on two dimensional extensional faulting: (1) determination of fault weakening parameters that are needed to match normal fault population statistics for natural and analog studies: size frequency distribution and length offset ratios of model and observed faults would be considered; (2) the effect of elasticity on the pattern of faulting, which has bearing on which numerical methods most efficiently simulate faulting during lithospheric extension. In the second phase of the project, three natural type examples of oblique rifting will be modeled, each of which extended with different initial conditions of thermal and crustal thickness: (1) a region where the crust was likely cold at the time of rifting in order to assess the degree of pre-heating of the rift zone that is needed to explain the along-axis segmentation and across-axis structure of faulting in the Gulf of Suez; (2) a region of moderately thick, warm crust, where highly oblique extension was apparently accommodated by two distinct geometries of transtension to determine what is needed to produce the change from strain partitioning to transtension seen in the Gulf of California; (3) extension of thick, hot crust that may have led to the formation of metamorphic core complexes in places like the Colorado River Extensional Corridor to evaluate if buoyant pluton emplacement is needed for the formation of domal cores of metamorphic core complexes. All the models would consider extreme amounts of oblique extension of areas with thin lithosphere and one suite of models would include a buoyant mid-crustal layer.The breakup of continents controls the shape of the Earth's surface and directly affects regional and global climate. Besides curiosity about geography and climate there are economic reasons to study the how breakup, or rifting, occurs. Much of the world's hydrocarbon reserves were formed and preserved in the geologic structures of rifted continental margins. The research team has recently advanced the hypothesis that continental breakup occurs only under one of two special circumstances: when injection of magmatic dikes heats and weakens the lithosphere or when thickening the crust during mountain building also warms and weakens the lithosphere. The goal of this project is to investigate how these very different processes may produce the great variety of structures observed at rifted continental margins. To study the development of rift structures advanced numerical models, similar to those used by engineers to design structures that do not fail under reasonable loads will be employed. These models differ from most engineering models in that how multiple failure or slip events on faults combine to produce structures on a very large spatial and temporal scale are considered. Previously, some of these structures have been modeled in two dimensions. Now, the combination of better numerical methods and bigger computer clusters permits examination of how these structures develop in three dimensions. This is particularly important since some of the structures are intrinsically three dimensional. By trying to reproduce the observed patterns of faults, crustal thickness, and topography the strength of faults may be constrained and aid in understanding earthquake behavior.
该项目由2009年美国复苏和再投资法案(Public Law 111-5)资助,将采用新开发的三维弹粘塑性变形数值模拟程序研究大陆斜向伸展过程中断层活动的控制作用。本项目分两期进行,主要研究大陆岩石圈构造伸展方式的控制作用。该项目的第一阶段处理有关断层发育物理学的一般问题,并直接建立在以前关于二维伸展断层的工作基础上:(1)确定与自然和模拟研究中的正断层总体统计相匹配的断层弱化参数:将考虑模型和观测断层的大小频率分布和长度偏移比;(2)弹性对断层活动模式的影响,它关系到用什么样的数值方法最有效地模拟岩石圈伸展过程中的断层活动。在该项目的第二阶段,将模拟三个自然类型的斜向裂谷作用实例,每个实例都以不同的热和地壳厚度初始条件扩展:(1)地壳在裂谷作用时可能较冷的区域,以便评估裂谷带的预热程度,这是解释沿轴分段和横跨-苏伊士湾断层的轴向结构:(2)一个中等厚度的温暖地壳区域,在那里,两种不同的扭张几何形状明显地适应了高度斜向的伸展,从而确定了产生加州湾所见的从应变分配到扭张的变化所需要的条件;(3)厚而热的地壳的伸展,可能导致了像科罗拉多河伸展走廊这样的地方的变质核杂岩的形成,以评估是否需要浮力岩体侵位来形成变质核杂岩的穹状核。所有的模型都将考虑岩石圈薄的地区的倾斜延伸的极端数量,一套模型将包括一个浮力中地壳层,大陆的分裂控制地球表面的形状,并直接影响区域和全球气候。除了对地理和气候的好奇之外,还有经济上的原因来研究断裂是如何发生的。世界上大部分碳氢化合物储量是在断裂大陆边的地质结构中形成和保存的。该研究小组最近提出了一个假设,即大陆分裂只发生在两种特殊情况之一时:岩浆岩脉的注入加热和削弱了岩石圈,或者在造山过程中增厚了地壳也加热和削弱了岩石圈。本项目的目标是调查这些非常不同的过程如何可能产生在断裂大陆边观察到的各种各样的结构。为了研究裂缝结构的发展,将采用先进的数值模型,类似于工程师用来设计在合理载荷下不会失效的结构的模型。这些模型与大多数工程模型不同之处在于,考虑了断层上的多个失效或滑动事件如何在非常大的空间和时间尺度上组合联合收割机以产生结构。以前,这些结构中的一些已经在二维中建模。现在,更好的数值方法和更大的计算机集群的结合允许检查这些结构如何在三维空间中发展。这是特别重要的,因为一些结构本质上是三维的。通过尝试再现断层、地壳厚度和地形的观测模式,可以限制断层的强度,并有助于理解地震行为。

项目成果

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Roger Buck其他文献

Roger Buck的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Roger Buck', 18)}}的其他基金

Evaluating mechanisms for the formation, propagation and evolution of volcanic rifts and margins
评估火山裂谷和边缘的形成、传播和演化机制
  • 批准号:
    1654745
  • 财政年份:
    2017
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Collaborative Research: Quantifying the Sensitivity of Rifting Processes to Erosion and Sedimentation
合作研究:量化裂谷过程对侵蚀和沉积的敏感性
  • 批准号:
    1650166
  • 财政年份:
    2017
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Collaborative research: Integrated studies of early stages of continental extension: From incipient (Okavango) to young (Malawi) rifts
合作研究:大陆扩张早期阶段的综合研究:从初期(奥卡万戈)到年轻(马拉维)裂谷
  • 批准号:
    1009839
  • 财政年份:
    2011
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Collaborative Research: Geophysical Constraints on Mechanisms of Ocean Plateau Formation from Shatsky Rise, Northwest Pacific
合作研究:西北太平洋沙茨基隆起海洋高原形成机制的地球物理约束
  • 批准号:
    0926611
  • 财政年份:
    2009
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Collaborative Research: Magma-Tectonic Processes in an Active Transitional Rift from Seismic, GPS, and Modelling Studies in Afar
合作研究:来自远方地震、GPS 和模拟研究的活跃过渡裂谷中的岩浆构造过程
  • 批准号:
    0635898
  • 财政年份:
    2007
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Collaborative Research: The Influence of Magmatism on the Evolution of Continental Rifts
合作研究:岩浆作用对大陆裂谷演化的影响
  • 批准号:
    0548877
  • 财政年份:
    2006
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Collaborative Research: Comparison of Numerical, Physical and Natural Extensional Fault Systems
合作研究:数值、物理和自然伸展断层系统的比较
  • 批准号:
    0409287
  • 财政年份:
    2004
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Collaborative Research: Dynamic Models for the Tectonic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains and the Ross Embayment
合作研究:横贯南极山脉和罗斯海湾构造演化的动力学模型
  • 批准号:
    0338281
  • 财政年份:
    2004
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
High Resolution Models of Tectonics and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges
大洋中脊构造和岩浆作用的高分辨率模型
  • 批准号:
    0242597
  • 财政年份:
    2003
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
An Observational Numerical and Analog Study of Faulting Caused by Bending at Subduction Zones
俯冲带弯曲引起的断层观测数值模拟研究
  • 批准号:
    0137293
  • 财政年份:
    2002
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.6万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant

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Scalable Learning and Optimization: High-dimensional Models and Online Decision-Making Strategies for Big Data Analysis
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