Collaborative Research: Paleo Genetic Investigations at the Pre-Clovis Paisley Caves Site in the Northern Great Basin, Oregon

合作研究：俄勒冈州北部大盆地前克洛维斯佩斯利洞穴遗址的古遗传学研究

• 批准号: 0924606
• 负责人: Dennis Jenkins
• 金额: $ 18.08万
• 依托单位: University of Oregon Eugene
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-10-01 至 2012-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0924606&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Paleo; Genetic; Investigations

With National Science Foundation support, Drs. Dennis Jenkins, Eske Willerslev, and Brian Kemp will bring together an international team of colleagues to continue archaeological, geoarchaeological, paleo-ecological, and paleo-genetic investigations at the Paisley 5 Mile Point Caves site in the Northern Great Basin region of Oregon. Central to the research is paleo-genetic (ancient mitochondrial DNA) research on human coprolites (dried feces) recovered from the site. The project brings together an inter-disciplinary team of specialists from various U.S. and foreign Universities (Oregon, Oregon State, California, Berkley, Washington State and Copenhagen, Denmark). The genetic research addresses issues central to the study of the first human colonization of the Americas by providing new evidence related to the genetic history of Native Americans in the region spanning some 14,300 years from first occupation to historic contact with Euroamericans. Initially investigated by Luther S. Cressman between 1938 and 1940, the Paisley Caves site was found to contain Pleistocene faunal remains (extinct camel, horse, and bison bones) mixed with stone artifacts on a small house floor. This suggested to Cressman that Native Americans had killed and eaten these animals at the end of the Pleistocene. While admitting the evidence was quite promising, most archaeologists have not accepted Cressman's Paisley Caves interpretation due to the lack of adequate documentation for the association and context of the cultural and natural materials. New investigations of the site by the University of Oregon (2002, 2003 and 2007) represented an attempt to resolve this issue through more adequate documentation of the association of cultural materials with extinct Pleistocene animal remains by the application of modern excavation techniques and analytical technologies. Coprolites containing ancient human mtDNA were recovered in stratigraphic and spatial association with Pleistocene camel, horse, bison, pika, fish, and water fowl bones. The coprolites and extinct faunal remains proved by radiocarbon dating to chronologically overlap between 13,100 and 14,300 years ago. The earliest coprolites predate the Clovis cultural phase by more than 1,000 years. The highly distinctive Clovis technology has been recognized as the earliest reliably identifiable "culture" in North America for some 70 years, primarily because of its irrefutable association with extinct Pleistocene megafauna -such as mammoths and mastodons -dated by radiocarbon to more than 13,000 years. Thus, Clovis has been the measure by which all other claims for earliest human colonization of the Western Hemisphere have been compared. The Paisley Caves coprolites represent the first time that human remains (DNA) have clearly been associated with extinct Pleistocene animals in a context predating Clovis. Ancient mitochondrial DNA recovered from the coprolites indicates that they were produced by humans belonging to haplogroups A2 and B2, types commonly found among Asian/Siberian and Native American populations. However, contamination of the coprolites with modern DNA during the recovery or lab sampling process limits the research potential of many specimens. This contamination can be filtered out by separating longer strands of modern European DNA from the shorter (partially decomposed) strands of ancient Native American DNA but this decontamination process severely limits what can be determined about the genetic history of the ancient site occupants.The new Paisley Caves excavations will be conducted by excavation teams wearing surgical garb (disposable coveralls with head covering, face mask, latex surgeon's gloves, and boot coverings) and employing newly developed field and laboratory protocols designed to protect against modern DNA contamination. Coprolites will be collected with sterile disposable forceps and stored in sterile lab specimen jars. The recovery of uncontaminated Paleoindian and Holocene coprolites will allow research into group lineages, composition, health, genetic diversity, and diet. The results of the genetic analysis will significantly increase knowledge of Paleoamerican genetic connections between ancient Asian/Siberian and modern Native American populations. Current models of the first colonization of the Americas are primarily based on the study of genetic diversity among modern populations, and only secondarily on sparse archaeological and ancient DNA data. This project will significantly increase the direct genetic and archaeological data on which future modeling of the first colonization is based. This will allow testing of models such as the Beringian Incubation Model constructed predominantly from modern DNA studies. The research funded under this proposal will also generate data broadly applicable to the fields of molecular genetics, archaeology, and paleo-ecology. The broader implications of this project are highlighted by the assistance the project will provide graduate students at multiple institutions. The University of Oregon has an established record in the recruitment of Native Americans with a vested interest in the fields of archaeology, geoarchaeology, and molecular genetic studies, particularly The Klamath Tribes. Laboratory assistant positions to aid in the analysis, handling and management of collections, and data management are included in the project to provide financial support for graduate student assistants at the UO, WSU, and the University of Copenhagen.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，Dennis Jenkins、Eske Willerslev和Brian肯普博士将召集一个国际同事团队，继续在俄勒冈州北方大盆地地区的佩斯利5英里角洞穴遗址进行考古、地质考古、古生态和古遗传学调查。研究的核心是对从遗址中发现的人类粪化石（干燥粪便）进行古遗传学（古代线粒体DNA）研究。该项目汇集了来自美国和外国大学（俄勒冈州、俄勒冈州、加州、伯克利、华盛顿州和哥本哈根、丹麦）的跨学科专家团队。遗传学研究解决了美洲第一次人类殖民研究的核心问题，提供了与该地区美洲原住民遗传历史有关的新证据，从第一次占领到与欧洲美洲人的历史接触，跨越了约14，300年。最初由Luther S.在1938年至1940年间，人们发现佩斯利洞穴遗址含有更新世动物遗骸（已灭绝的骆驼、马和野牛的骨头），并在一个小房子的地板上发现了石器。这向克雷斯曼暗示，美洲原住民在更新世末期已经杀死并吃掉了这些动物。 虽然承认证据是相当有希望的，但大多数考古学家并不接受克雷斯曼的佩斯利洞穴解释，因为缺乏足够的文件来说明文化和自然材料的关联和背景。俄勒冈州大学（2002年、2003年和2007年）对该遗址进行了新的调查，试图通过应用现代挖掘技术和分析技术，更充分地记录文化材料与已灭绝的更新世动物遗骸之间的联系，来解决这个问题。含有古人类mtDNA的粪化石与更新世骆驼、马、野牛、鼠兔、鱼和水禽的骨骼在地层和空间上都有关联。 放射性碳年代测定证实，粪化石和灭绝的动物群遗骸的年代重叠在13，100年至14，300年前。最早的粪化石比克洛维斯文化阶段早1,000多年。高度独特的克洛维斯技术被认为是北美最早的可靠可识别的“文化”，大约70年来，主要是因为它与已灭绝的更新世巨型动物（如猛犸象和乳齿象）有着无可辩驳的联系，放射性碳可以追溯到13,000多年前。因此，克洛维斯一直是比较所有其他西半球最早人类殖民地的标准。佩斯利洞穴的粪化石代表了人类遗骸（DNA）第一次明确地与早于克洛维斯的已灭绝更新世动物联系在一起。 从粪化石中发现的古代线粒体DNA表明，它们是由属于单倍群A2和B2的人类产生的，这两种类型在亚洲/西伯利亚和美洲原住民人群中常见。然而，在回收或实验室取样过程中，粪化石与现代DNA的污染限制了许多标本的研究潜力。 这种污染可以通过分离较长的现代欧洲DNA链和较短的DNA链来过滤掉。（部分分解的）古代美洲原住民DNA链，但这种净化过程严重限制了对古代遗址居住者遗传历史的确定。新的佩斯利洞穴挖掘将由穿着外科手术服的挖掘队进行（具有头部覆盖物、面罩、乳胶外科手套和靴子覆盖物的一次性工作服），并采用新开发的现场和实验室方案，该方案被设计为防止现代DNA污染。将使用无菌一次性镊子采集粪化石，并储存在无菌实验室标本罐中。未受污染的古印度和全新世粪化石的恢复将允许研究群体谱系，组成，健康，遗传多样性和饮食。遗传分析的结果将显着增加古亚洲/西伯利亚和现代美洲原住民人口之间的古美洲遗传联系的知识。目前关于美洲第一次殖民的模型主要是基于对现代人群遗传多样性的研究，其次是稀疏的考古和古代DNA数据。该项目将大大增加直接的遗传学和考古学数据，作为未来第一次殖民建模的基础。这将允许测试模型，如主要从现代DNA研究构建的Beringian孵化模型。根据该提案资助的研究还将产生广泛适用于分子遗传学，考古学和古生态学领域的数据。 该项目将为多个机构的研究生提供援助，这突出了该项目更广泛的影响。俄勒冈州大学在招募美国原住民方面有着既定的记录，这些原住民在考古学，地质考古学和分子遗传学研究领域有着既得利益，特别是克拉马斯部落。 实验室助理职位，以帮助分析，处理和管理的集合，和数据管理包括在项目中，以提供财政支持的研究生助理在UO，WSU和哥本哈根大学。