Doctoral Dissertation Improvement: Labor and the Rise of the Tiwanaku State (AD 500-1100): A Bioarchaeological Study of Activity Patterns.

该项目将详细了解第一个安第斯国家Tiwanaku（公元500-1100年）形成和扩张期间各个社区的劳动力情况。该研究考察了生物指标，以推断习惯活动如何随着状态的形成以及劳动的控制和分配而变化，这是理解史前状态发展的重要主题。该项目解决了分层或分层状态形成的问题，并提供了特定骨骼证据的比较框架，以扩大考古记录，以创新的视角研究蒂瓦纳库状态形成和扩张期间的史前劳动模式。该项目是玻利维亚的的的喀喀卡盆地地区和秘鲁莫克瓜的第一个生物力学和骨骼活动指标（肌肉骨骼标志物、骨关节炎和横截面骨几何）的综合研究。它通过原始数据收集和统计方法扩展了骨骼生物学分析，有可能为活动模式的研究提供新的模型。知识价值：对来自多个证据线的数据的分析将进一步阐明史前的政治组织、政治经济和安第斯国家形成过程中的劳动力变化。所使用的方法可以应用于世界各地的类似研究。更广泛的影响：这项研究建立了北卡罗来纳大学（UNC）、玻利维亚考古部门和秘鲁康斯苏约博物馆之间的联系。这项研究也改善了玻利维亚当地有兴趣学习人类骨学的学生的教育。它加强了北卡罗莱纳大学和杜克大学人类学系和北卡罗莱纳大学医院放射科之间的关系。这项研究有助于博士论文和培养未来的科学女性学者。

Sara K. Simon, Dale HutchinsonNSF Proposal - DDIG 0925866This project will provide a detailed understanding of labor in various communities during the formation and expansion of the Tiwanaku (AD 500-1100), the first Andean state. The study examines biological indicators to infer how habitual activity varies with state formation and the control and distribution of labor, essential topics for understanding prehistoric state development. This project addresses issues of heterarchical or hierarchical state formation and provides a comparative framework of specific skeletal evidence to amplify the archaeological record for an innovative perspective into prehistoric labor patterns during the formation and expansion of the Tiwanaku state. This project is the first comprehensive study of biomechanics and skeletal indicators of activity (musculoskeletal markers, osteoarthritis, and cross-sectional bone geometry) in the Titicaca Basin area of Bolivia and in Moquegua, Peru. It expands skeletal biology analysis through original data collection and statistical methods, having the potential to provide a new model for the study of activity patterns. Intellectual Merit: The analysis of data from multiple lines of evidence will further illuminate prehistoric political organization, political economy, and labor changes during the formation of Andean states. The methods used can be applied to similar studies around the world. Broader Impacts: This research has created ties between the University of North Carolina (UNC), the Bolivian Department of Archaeology, and Museo Contisuyo in Peru. This study also improves education for a local Bolivian student interested in learning about human osteology. It enhances the relationship between the Anthropology departments of University of North Carolina and Duke University, and the University of North Carolina Hospital Department of Radiology. This study contributes to the doctoral dissertation and training of a future female scholar in the sciences.