Cultural Accommodation And Change In The North Carolina Piedmont

该项目旨在为早期殖民时期大西洋沿岸的人类健康和适应提供新的理解，这是北美历史上最具戏剧性和最具活力的文化变革和互动时期之一。尽管北卡罗莱纳沿海地区的情况受到了最广泛的学术关注，但欧洲殖民对中心地带（皮埃蒙特地区）土著人口和环境的影响在历史资料中记录得很少。因此，考古证据提供了一种独特的方式来揭示北卡罗莱纳州土著人民不成文的历史，记录他们对早期殖民时期发生的戏剧性事件和社会混乱的经历和参与。利用北卡罗来纳大学教堂山考古研究实验室半个多世纪以来系统收集的该地区独特的历史和考古资源，研究人员将研究早期殖民过程对土著人口的影响。他们将记录饮食和资源选择的变化，并重建与殖民化相关的变化如何影响经济、饮食、流动性和健康。以前关于皮埃蒙特生存的所有讨论都集中在确定吃什么以及如何获得和分配，而不是关于生存的变化与人类营养和健康的关系。在这个项目中收集的数据与现代世界有直接关系。他们提供了一个新的理解北卡罗莱纳州的人民，资源和土地使用策略的历史。他们还记录了土著对殖民进程的社会、政治、环境和生物压力的反应，这为在当地和全球范围内面对贫困和粮食不安全的情况下评估其他可持续粮食计划提供了一种手段。此外，在合作首席研究员的指导下，研究生和本科生将在数据收集，管理和分析方面发挥主要作用，从而获得实验室工作，研究设计和发表的宝贵经验。该项目中包含的植物、动物、民族历史和人类生物学数据的结合，对理解灵活的人类行为如何促进食物供应和选择的变化做出了宝贵的贡献。很少有其他研究在一开始就将所有这些类型的数据集纳入其中。从公元1200年至1720年之间的考古遗址中获得的材料将被用于研究不同时期社区内食物选择和采购的趋势，以及评估不同社区之间资源调度、多样性、狩猎和种植策略的可变性。在史前晚期和早期殖民时期之间，植物和动物的使用有什么变化吗？有些动物在欧洲商品市场上更受欢迎吗？健康和营养模式是否表明史前晚期和早期殖民时期之间的饮食转变？我们预测，持续强调家畜和野生动物混合的饮食资源有助于缓冲殖民带来的生存压力，而这些食物利用方式的微妙变化反映了面对殖民时的偶然反应。

This project seeks to provide a new understanding of human health and adaptation on the Atlantic coast during the early Colonial period, one of the most dramatic and dynamic periods of cultural change and interaction in the history of North America. Although the situation in the North Carolina coastal region has received the most scholarly attention, the impacts of European colonization on the indigenous populations and environments of the heartland (the Piedmont region) are poorly documented by historical sources. As a result, archaeological evidence provides a unique means to uncover the unwritten histories of the indigenous peoples of North Carolina and document their experience of, and participation in, the dramatic events and social disruptions that unfolded during the early colonial period. Taking advantage of the unique historical and archaeological resources of this region, systematically collected by the UNC-Chapel Hill Research Laboratories in Archaeology for more than a half century, the researchers will examine how indigenous populations were impacted by the early colonial process. They will document changes in diet and resource selection and reconstruct how the changes associated with colonization impacted economy, diet, mobility, and health. All previous discussions of subsistence in the Piedmont have focused on identifying what was eaten and how it was obtained and distributed, but not on how shifts in subsistence relate to human nutrition and health. The data collected on this project have direct relevance in the modern world. They provide a new understanding of the history of North Carolina's peoples, resources, and land use strategies. They also document indigenous responses to the social, political, environmental and biological stresses of colonial processes, which present a means to assess alternative sustainable food programs in the face of poverty and food insecurity on local and global scales. Moreover, under the direction of collaborating principal investigators, graduate and undergraduate students will play a major role in data collection, management, and analysis, thereby gaining valuable experience in laboratory work, research design, and publication. The combination of plant, animal, ethnohistoric, and human biological data included in this project make valuable contributions to understanding how flexible human behavior facilitates changes in food availability and choice. Few other studies have incorporated all of these kinds of data sets at the onset. Materials from archaeological sites dating between AD 1200 and AD 1720 will be used to examine trends in food choice and procurement within communities through time, as well as to assess variability in resource scheduling, diversity, hunting, and cropping strategies between communities. Are there changes in plant and animal use between the late prehistoric and early colonial periods? Are some animals more desirable for European commodity markets? Do patterns of health and nutrition indicate shifts in diet between the late prehistoric and early colonial periods? We predict that continued emphasis on mixed domestic and wild dietary resources helped buffer the subsistence stress of colonization, while subtle shifts in the way that they were utilized reflect contingent responses in the face of colonization.