Investigating Underlying Mechanisms behind the Extreme Resistance of Adenoviruses to UV Disinfection

研究腺病毒对紫外线消毒极度耐药的潜在机制

• 批准号: 0933560
• 负责人: Karl Linden
• 金额: $ 39.73万
• 依托单位: University of Colorado at Boulder
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2013-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0933560&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Investigating; Underlying; Mechanisms; behind; Extreme

0933560LindenControl of viruses in drinking water is critical for public health, and disinfection is the primary barrier against disease-causing microorganisms. UV disinfection is now the method of choice for wastewater and is becoming a very important tool for disinfection of large and small drinking water systems due to the concerns over chlorination byproducts and the need to inactivate Cryptosporidium. Cell culture infectivity data generated over the past 10 years on UV treatment of adenoviruses using 254 nm low-pressure (LP) UV disinfection was used to set 2006 US EPA standards for disinfection requirements of all viruses at a level almost 5 times the typical UV dose of 40 mJ/cm2 used in practice. However, recent research by the PI and various co-investigators has found that use of newer polychromatic UV sources (medium pressure [MP] and pulsed UV) significantly improves the UV disinfection of adenoviruses. These differences between UV sources indicate that a fundamental understanding of how UV irradiation affects adenoviruses is lacking. Numerous authors have called for an increased understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms involved in viral response to UV as well as molecular methods for accurate pathogen detection. This research will enhance the understanding of the mechanisms behind UV disinfection of viruses and methods used will provide powerful tools for further disinfection investigations with important positive results for protection of public health. The objectives of the proposed research are 1) to adapt and apply molecular techniques to investigate the effects of low-pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) UV on adenoviral DNA and proteins, and 2) to compare the results obtained using the newly applied molecular methods to those obtained using classical cell culture infectivity assays. The techniques proposed here include 1) two methods to examine DNA damage: both general assessment of DNA damage using PCR, and specific detection of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) using antibodies, 2) assessment of UV damage to the major adenoviral proteins using SDS-PAGE, and 3) assessment of the adenovirus capsid using flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. The hypotheses are that 1) LP UV and MP UV will be similar in their induction of DNA damage, 2) MP UV, but not LP UV, will cause significant damage to adenoviral proteins and loss of capsid integrity, and 3) MP UV, but not LP UV, will cause a decrease in cell culture infectivity which correlates with increased damage to capsid proteins. The broad impacts for society and the water disinfection community are improved UV disinfection of viruses and the associated public health benefits. If polychromatic UV systems are proven better able to inactivate viruses, they will be used in many small systems looking for an alternative to chlorine, and can be economically implemented on a larger municipal scale with lower UV dose requirements for viruses. The research plan is also ideally suited to bridging the emerging science of molecular biology with classical environmental engineering. Working with the Colorado Diversity Initiative, the research integrates (molecular biology-curious) undergraduate and graduate engineering students with a molecular biology trained post-doctoral researcher into an important engineering and fundamental science question, placing the team at the leading edge of both engineering disinfection technology and new tools for discovery to deepen the fundamental understanding of UV disinfection. Students will have the opportunity to interact with water engineers and utility operators, to present their research at national conferences and will expect to publish their work in respected journals. Establishing research leadership in this area will position these students for successful careers in academia where engineering for public health meets molecular biology. The research findings and techniques will be integrated into courses and laboratories on "Environmental Microbiology" and "UV Processes in Environmental Engineering". Finally, a workshop will be held in conjunction with a water technology conference in Nov. 2010/11 to more widely disseminate results to consulting engineers, utility decision makers, and regulators

0933560林登控制饮用水中的病毒对公众健康至关重要，消毒是防止致病微生物的主要屏障。紫外线消毒现在是废水的首选方法，并且由于对氯化副产物的关注和对隐孢子虫的需要，紫外线消毒正在成为大型和小型饮用水系统消毒的非常重要的工具。使用254 nm低压（LP）UV消毒对腺病毒进行UV处理的过去10年中产生的细胞培养感染性数据，将2006年US EPA所有病毒消毒要求的标准设定为几乎是实践中使用的典型UV剂量40 mJ/cm 2的5倍。然而，PI和各种合作研究者最近的研究发现，使用较新的多色UV源（中压[MP]和脉冲UV）显著改善了腺病毒的UV消毒。紫外线源之间的这些差异表明，缺乏对紫外线照射如何影响腺病毒的基本理解。许多作者呼吁增加对病毒对紫外线反应的基本分子机制的理解，以及准确检测病原体的分子方法。这项研究将提高对紫外线消毒病毒背后机制的理解，所使用的方法将为进一步的消毒调查提供强有力的工具，并为保护公众健康提供重要的积极成果。拟议研究的目的是1）调整和应用分子技术，以研究低压（LP）和中压（MP）紫外线对腺病毒DNA和蛋白质的影响，2）比较使用新应用的分子方法获得的结果，使用经典的细胞培养感染性测定。本文提出的技术包括1）两种检测DNA损伤的方法：使用PCR进行DNA损伤的一般评估，以及使用抗体进行环丁烷嘧啶二聚体（CPD）的特异性检测，2）使用SDS-PAGE评估主要腺病毒蛋白的UV损伤，以及3）使用流式细胞术和透射电子显微镜评估腺病毒衣壳。假设是：1）LP UV和MP UV在诱导DNA损伤方面相似，2）MP UV，而不是LP UV，将对腺病毒蛋白质造成显著损伤和衣壳完整性的丧失，以及3）MP UV，而不是LP UV，将导致细胞培养物感染性的降低，这与对衣壳蛋白质的损伤增加相关。对社会和水消毒社区的广泛影响是改进的病毒紫外线消毒和相关的公共卫生效益。如果多色紫外线系统被证明能够更好地杀灭病毒，它们将被用于许多寻找氯替代品的小型系统，并且可以在更大的城市规模上经济地实施，对病毒的紫外线剂量要求更低。该研究计划也非常适合将新兴的分子生物学科学与经典的环境工程学联系起来。该研究与科罗拉多多样性倡议合作，将（对分子生物学好奇的）本科生和研究生工程专业学生与经过分子生物学培训的博士后研究人员整合到一个重要的工程和基础科学问题中，使团队处于工程消毒技术和新工具的前沿，以加深对紫外线消毒的基本理解。学生将有机会与水工程师和公用事业运营商互动，在国家会议上展示他们的研究，并期望在受人尊敬的期刊上发表他们的工作。在这一领域建立研究领导地位将使这些学生在公共卫生工程与分子生物学相结合的学术界取得成功。研究成果和技术将整合到“环境微生物学”和“环境工程中的紫外线过程”的课程和实验室中。最后，将在2010/11年11月与水技术会议同时举办一个研讨会，以便向咨询工程师、公用事业决策者和监管机构更广泛地传播成果