The Design and Use of Paleoindian Unifaces of the Gainey Phase in the Lower Great Lakes Region

下五大湖区盖尼期古印第安人统一面的设计与使用

• 批准号: 0948235
• 负责人: Mark Seeman
• 金额: $ 8.19万
• 依托单位: Kent State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-04-15 至 2013-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0948235&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Design; Use; Paleoindian; Unifaces; Gainey

Dr. Mark F. Seeman of Kent State University and with the support of the National Science Foundation will conduct an archaeological investigation of the relationships that link tool design and tool use within early Paleoindian societies. The specific focus will be on the stone tool assemblage from the Nobles Pond site (33ST357), Stark Co., Ohio. Nobles Pond pertains to the Gainey phase of the Midwest and is one of the largest Early Paleoindian sites in eastern North America ca. 11,200-10,800 B.P. Gainey phase Paleoindians were the earliest known human populations in the lower Great Lakes area. They were resilient, "high-technology foragers" in that they employed portable, but complexly designed tools with long use-lives and with strong potentialities for salvage and recycling. They also were among the most mobile populations on earth. To the extent that the Paleoindians that occupied Nobles Pond lie at one extreme of the residential strategies characterizing human groups, they provide a useful context for studying technological organization. Here the design/utility relationship of the toolkit should be under conditions of intense selection as colonizing foragers occupy new and dynamic landscapes. In order to investigate this question in controlled fashion, the focus will be on formal unifacial tools, specifically hafted end scrapers. The Nobles Pond excavation has yielded over 1,800 hafted end scrapers, the largest known Paleoindian site sample. In this study, representative tools will be selected from two different kinds of site contexts and will be compared with modern facsimiles used under experimental conditions, combining insights of both the archaeologist and the physicist. The study addresses three main questions. 1) How much of the formal variation in observable morphology can be explained by the use, breakage, depletion, recycling, and salvage of a single class of designed tools? 2) How well do particular patterns of wear on Nobles Pond tools correlate with particular states of depletion or other use-life conditions? 3) How well do particular patterns of wear correlate with depletion or other use-life conditions on similar, but experimentally produced and utilized tools? The broad-scale advantages to this study lie in the ability to bring the results of analyses of form, wear, and experimentation together in a single research program applied to a large sample. The targeted design/use relationship is important to archaeology and is a key question in the examination of all technological systems, ultimately bearing on such larger constructs as adaptive optimization, depth of planning, and risk minimization. It also should be recognized that the Nobles Pond excavation was a community effort, with over 2,000 adult volunteers participating in the excavation. This analytical project will allow the continuation of a regional connection to what has become an important archaeological touchstone through the continued involvement of local volunteers in a scientific laboratory program at a university in their own community. This project further marks the first collaboration between archaeology and physics at Kent State University, and it is one that can be built on to investigate the process of wear at multiple scales in the future. Hafted end scrapers are the most numerous formal tools in Early Paleoindian contexts, and their study can provide strong insights into the survival strategies of the many foraging societies that occupied the majority of our collective past.

Mark F.博士肯特州立大学的西曼在国家科学基金会的支持下，将对早期古印第安社会中工具设计和工具使用之间的关系进行考古调查。 具体的重点将是从贵族池塘网站（33 ST 357），斯塔克公司，俄亥俄州。 贵族池塘属于中西部的盖尼阶段，是北美东部最大的早期古印第安遗址之一。11，200 - 10，800 B. P.盖尼期古印第安人是五大湖下游地区已知最早的人类种群。 他们是有弹性的“高科技觅食者”，因为他们使用便携式但设计复杂的工具，使用寿命长，具有很强的回收和再循环潜力。 他们也是地球上最移动的人口之一。 在某种程度上，占据贵族池塘的古印第安人处于人类群体居住策略的一个极端，他们为研究技术组织提供了一个有用的背景。 在这里，工具包的设计/效用关系应该是在激烈的选择条件下，殖民觅食占据新的和动态的景观。 为了调查这个问题，在控制的方式，重点将是正式的单面工具，特别是有轴端刮刀。 Nobles Pond的挖掘工作已出土了1，800多个有柄端刮刀，这是已知最大的古印第安遗址样本。 在这项研究中，代表性的工具将从两种不同类型的网站上下文中选择，并将与现代的实验条件下使用的传真进行比较，结合考古学家和物理学家的见解。 本研究涉及三个主要问题。1)有多少可观察到的形态学的形式变化可以解释的使用，破损，耗尽，回收，和抢救的一类设计工具？ 2)贵族池塘工具的特定磨损模式与特定的消耗状态或其他使用寿命条件的相关性如何？ 3)在类似但实验性生产和使用的工具上，特定的磨损模式与消耗或其他使用寿命条件的相关性如何？ 这项研究的广泛优势在于能够将形状，磨损和实验的分析结果结合在一起，应用于大样本的单一研究计划中。 有针对性的设计/使用关系对考古学很重要，也是检查所有技术系统的关键问题，最终影响到自适应优化、规划深度和风险最小化等更大的结构。 还应该认识到，贵族池塘的挖掘是一项社区努力，有2 000多名成年志愿者参加了挖掘工作。 这一分析项目将通过当地志愿者继续参与他们自己社区的一所大学的科学实验室计划，继续与已成为重要考古试金石的区域联系。 该项目进一步标志着肯特州立大学考古学和物理学之间的首次合作，它是一个可以建立在调查磨损过程中的多个尺度在未来。 在古印度早期的背景下，有柄刮刀是数量最多的正式工具，对它们的研究可以为我们对占据了我们集体过去大部分时间的许多觅食社会的生存策略提供有力的见解。