Superconducting RF (SRF) Development for the Project X Neutrino Beam to DUSEL

在项目X中微子束到杜塞尔的超导射频(SRF)开发奖中描述的研发被认为是高度相关的，可能具有国家和国际重要性。这项研发可能带来的科学成果包括南达科他州拟建的深部地下科学与工程实验室杜塞尔的项目。X项目是一系列实验的集合，旨在组成未来的费米实验室计划。这种计划的一个组成部分很可能包括对中微子性质的测量。物理学家现在认为，中微子可以为标准模型没有解决的一些令人费解的问题提供答案。特别是，物理学家认为中微子可能是我们存在的原因：它们的相互作用可以解释为什么物质丰富，而反物质在我们的宇宙中消失。拟议中的长基线中微子实验旨在查明情况是否如此。它将探索世界上最高强度的中微子束(通过SRF研发成为可能)的相互作用和转换，方法是将其从费米实验室发送到有史以来建造的最大的粒子探测器，距离地球超过1000公里。探测器可以安置在拟建的杜塞尔实验室里。超导射频是最先进的粒子加速器的关键使能技术。这对于费米实验室的S项目-X、未来的直线对撞机、未来的高能和核物理加速器以及基于能量回收直线加速器和自由电子激光的下一代光源都是至关重要的。SRF的应用涵盖了非常广泛的加速器和束流参数；SRF的成本节约可以决定特定设计的可行性或项目是否得到资助。在可实现的SRF腔性能方面的微小改进可以显著降低基于加速器的主要设施的建设和运营成本。控制SRF腔限制和Nb表面行为的基本物理和化学仍然不够清楚，仍然不可能保证按照特定配方制造和加工的特定腔将实际满足其规格。在型腔质量、可实现的坡度或生产再现性方面，没有一家美国供应商能与欧洲或亚洲供应商匹敌。美国工业本身无法承担必要的研发工作。由大学和实验室专家为美国工业提供智力和实践指导，是美国工业可以走上的一条道路上的一步，美国工业可以沿着这条道路，帮助它在许多专门的高科技领域重新获得领导地位，包括SRF。科学的前沿往往由加速器物理和技术塑造。例如，SRF在核物理和中子生产方面开辟了一个新的世界；来自自由电子激光的短x射线脉冲将给原子和分子物理带来革命性的变化，加速器科学将决定其前身粒子物理的未来，在粒子物理学中，需要发明来克服尺寸和成本限制。这一合作将在理解、改进和详细说明腔的制造和处理的重要步骤方面取得实质性进展。成为该计划合作伙伴的美国供应商将受益于他们可以开始学习如何在美国和国际空洞采购方面成功地与世界其他国家竞争。同样值得注意的是，加速器科学是青年科学家追求的一个非常具有前瞻性的领域。

The R&D described in the award Superconducting RF (SRF) Development for the Project X Neutrino Beam to DUSEL is viewed as highly relevant, and can be is of national and international importance. The science that could be enabled by this R&D includes programs at DUSEL, the proposed Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory in South Dakota.Project X is a collection of experiments proposed to compose a future Fermilab program. A component of such a program is likely to consist of measurements of neutrino properties. Physicists now think that neutrinos could provide answers to some of the puzzling questions not addressed by the Standard Model. In particular, physicists think that neutrinos might be the reason that we exist: their interactions could explain why matter is abundant while antimatter disappeared in our universe. The proposed Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment aims to find out whether that is the case. It will explore the interactions and transformations of the world's highest-intensity (made possible through SRF R&D) neutrino beam by sending it from Fermilab more than 1,000 kilometers straight through the earth to the largest particle detectors ever built. The detectors could be housed in the proposed DUSEL laboratory. Superconducting radiofrequency is a key enabling technology for state-of-the-art particle accelerators. It is of critical importance to Fermilab 's Project-X, future Linear Colliders, and to future accelerators for high-energy and nuclear physics as well as next-generation light sources such as those based on energy-recovery linacs and free-electron lasers. SRF applications cover a very broad range of accelerator and beam parameters; cost savings in SRF can determine the feasibility of a particular design or whether a project is funded at all. Small improvements in achievable SRF cavity performance can lead to significant reductions in construction and operating costs of major accelerator-based facilities. The basic physics and chemistry governing SRF cavity limits and behavior at the niobium surface is still insufficiently understood, and it is still impossible to guarantee that a particular cavity fabricated and processed according to a particular recipe will actually meet its specifications. No US vendors can match European or Asian vendors in cavity quality, achievable gradient, or production reproducibility. US industry on its own cannot undertake the necessary R&D. Intellectual and practical mentorship of US industry by university and laboratory experts is a step on a path that American industry can follow to help it regain leadership in many specialized high-tech areas, including SRF.The frontiers of science are often shaped by accelerator physics and technology. As examples, SRF has opened up a new world in nuclear physics and neutron production; the short x-ray pulses from free electron lasers will revolutionize atomic and molecular physics, and accelerator science will determine the future of its progenitor, particle physics, where inventions are needed to overcome size and cost limitations.This collaboration is positioned to make substantial progress in understanding, improving, and detailing the important steps in fabricating and processing cavities. The US vendors who become partners in this program will benefit in that they can begin to learn how to successfully compete with the rest of the world on US and international cavity procurements. It is also worth noting that accelerator science is a very forward-looking area for a young scientist to pursue.