Linking the Dendrochronology of Northern Europe and the Mediterranean: Yenikapi

连接北欧和地中海的树木年代学：Yenikapi

• 批准号: 1019743
• 负责人: Peter Kuniholm
• 金额: $ 40.78万
• 依托单位: Cornell University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-09-01 至 2012-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1019743&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Linking; Dendrochronology; Northern; Europe; Mediterranean

With three years of National Science Foundation support, the principal investigator, Peter Kuniholm, and the Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory will work to finish building an absolutely-dated tree-ring chronology for the Eastern Mediterranean complete back to 3000 BC and possibly to 7000 BC or before. 7500 years' worth of chronologies spanning 9000 years but not yet in a single sequence has already been constructed. Focus will be placed on sample collection from three regions. The first is a large-scale commercial exploitation of Croatian and Bosnian rivers for thousands of stems of subfossil oak, some of which will not only fill sequence gaps but may go back in time to before 10,489 years ago, the present limit of oak chronologies for Northern Europe. The enterprises have agreed to supply slices of all their long-lived material. A second 'target of opportunity' is the unique possibility afforded by the construction of a 39-kilometer-long subway system through the heart of downtown Istanbul. The construction of the tunnel has recently been postponed for a year in order to allow more time for excavation and preservation of some millions of archaeological artifacts, but the completion date for the tunnel is scheduled for four years from now. Archaeological excavations operating in three 8-hour shifts per day in the excavation for the main train station - at Yenikapý at present 800 meters x 400 meters x 25 meters deep - have so far penetrated through a long series of Ottoman, Byzantine, and late Roman levels, and in one segment as far back as the Neolithic where recently wattle-and-daub fishermen's huts from the 6th millennium BC were unearthed. In the past three years Kuniholm's team has collected over 2000 pilings from a variety of periods at Yenikapý and in the next three or four years expect to collect 3000 more from the earlier periods. Imported wood from Northern Greece, the Black Sea coast of Turkey, and the Danube - perhaps even up the Danube itself - has already been identified, thereby shedding light on patterns of import and export. Finally Dr. Kuniholm is collaborating with a Bulgarian and EU research effort "Submerged Landscapes, Reconstructing Palaeoenvironment and Settlement Pattern(s) in Prehistory," of which the co-PI (Wazny) is the chairman of the dendrochronological segment. It is expected to retrieve about 1000 dendrochronological samples a year from these sources, some of which are already providing links between the Aegean oak chronology and the absolutely-dated North European oak chronology. Building a continuous tree-ring time-line from the present to the Neolithic or earlier will allow dating to the year for a variety of cultures in the Near East, Aegean, and Balkans, at present only poorly linked. If the Croatian and Bosnian rivers yield what one might reasonably expect, this will also permit calibration of the European oak radiocarbon timescale before the current 8480 BC. The Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory is a leading US scientific organization and plays a major role in training undergraduate and graduate students in dendrochronology. This grant will also help to maintain the laboratory at it high level of productivity and allow it to continue in its mentoring role.

在国家科学基金会三年的支持下，首席研究员Peter Kuniholm和康奈尔树轮实验室将致力于完成建立一个绝对日期的东地中海树木年轮年表，该年表可以追溯到公元前3000年，也可能追溯到公元前7000年或更早。7500年的价值年表跨越9000年，但还没有在一个单一的序列已经建成。重点将放在三个地区的样本收集上。第一个是对克罗地亚和波斯尼亚河流进行大规模的商业开发，以获取数以千计的亚化石橡树茎，其中一些不仅将填补序列空白，而且可能追溯到10 489年前，这是北方欧洲目前橡树年表的极限。这些企业已同意提供其所有长寿材料的切片。第二个“机会目标”是通过伊斯坦布尔市中心建设一条39英里长的地铁系统所提供的独特可能性。隧道的建造最近被推迟了一年，以便有更多的时间挖掘和保护数百万件考古文物，但隧道的完工日期定于四年后。考古发掘工作每天分三次进行，每次8小时，在主要火车站的挖掘工作中-在Yenikapatrium，目前深度为800米x 400米x 25米-迄今为止已经穿过了一长串奥斯曼，拜占庭和罗马晚期的水平，其中一个部分可以追溯到新石器时代，最近在那里出土了公元前6000年的渔民小屋。在过去的三年里，Kuniholm的团队已经在Yenikapaleur收集了2000多个不同时期的桩，并在未来的三到四年内预计将收集3000多个早期时期的桩。从希腊北方、土耳其黑海沿岸和多瑙河-甚至可能是多瑙河上游-进口的木材已经查明，从而使人们了解了进出口的模式。最后，Kuniholm博士正在与保加利亚和欧盟的研究工作“淹没景观，重建史前古环境和定居模式”合作，其中共同PI（Wazny）是树木年代学部分的主席。预计每年将从这些来源中检索约1000个树木年代学样本，其中一些已经提供了爱琴海橡树年代学和绝对日期的北欧橡树年代学之间的联系。建立一个从现在到新石器时代或更早的连续的树木年轮时间线，将允许追溯到近东，爱琴海和巴尔干半岛的各种文化的年份，目前只有很少的联系。如果克罗地亚河和波斯尼亚河的水量达到人们的合理预期，这也将允许在公元前8480年之前校准欧洲橡树的放射性碳时间表。康奈尔大学树木年轮实验室是美国领先的科学组织，在树木年轮学的本科生和研究生培训中发挥着重要作用。这笔赠款还将有助于维持实验室的高水平生产力，并使其能够继续发挥指导作用。