Linking the Dendrochronology of Northern Europe and the Mediterranean: Yenikapi

连接北欧和地中海的树木年代学：Yenikapi

• 批准号: 1236981
• 负责人: Peter Kuniholm
• 金额: $ 20.03万
• 依托单位: University of Arizona
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-01-01 至 2013-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1236981&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Linking; Dendrochronology; Northern; Europe; Mediterranean

With three years of National Science Foundation support, the principal investigator, Peter Kuniholm, and the Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory will work to finish building an absolutely-dated tree-ring chronology for the Eastern Mediterranean complete back to 3000 BC and possibly to 7000 BC or before. 7500 years' worth of chronologies spanning 9000 years but not yet in a single sequence has already been constructed. Focus will be placed on sample collection from three regions. The first is a large-scale commercial exploitation of Croatian and Bosnian rivers for thousands of stems of subfossil oak, some of which will not only fill sequence gaps but may go back in time to before 10,489 years ago, the present limit of oak chronologies for Northern Europe. The enterprises have agreed to supply slices of all their long-lived material. A second 'target of opportunity' is the unique possibility afforded by the construction of a 39-kilometer-long subway system through the heart of downtown Istanbul. The construction of the tunnel has recently been postponed for a year in order to allow more time for excavation and preservation of some millions of archaeological artifacts, but the completion date for the tunnel is scheduled for four years from now. Archaeological excavations operating in three 8-hour shifts per day in the excavation for the main train station - at Yenikapý at present 800 meters x 400 meters x 25 meters deep - have so far penetrated through a long series of Ottoman, Byzantine, and late Roman levels, and in one segment as far back as the Neolithic where recently wattle-and-daub fishermen's huts from the 6th millennium BC were unearthed. In the past three years Kuniholm's team has collected over 2000 pilings from a variety of periods at Yenikapý and in the next three or four years expect to collect 3000 more from the earlier periods. Imported wood from Northern Greece, the Black Sea coast of Turkey, and the Danube - perhaps even up the Danube itself - has already been identified, thereby shedding light on patterns of import and export. Finally Dr. Kuniholm is collaborating with a Bulgarian and EU research effort "Submerged Landscapes, Reconstructing Palaeoenvironment and Settlement Pattern(s) in Prehistory," of which the co-PI (Wazny) is the chairman of the dendrochronological segment. It is expected to retrieve about 1000 dendrochronological samples a year from these sources, some of which are already providing links between the Aegean oak chronology and the absolutely-dated North European oak chronology. Building a continuous tree-ring time-line from the present to the Neolithic or earlier will allow dating to the year for a variety of cultures in the Near East, Aegean, and Balkans, at present only poorly linked. If the Croatian and Bosnian rivers yield what one might reasonably expect, this will also permit calibration of the European oak radiocarbon timescale before the current 8480 BC. The Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory is a leading US scientific organization and plays a major role in training undergraduate and graduate students in dendrochronology. This grant will also help to maintain the laboratory at it high level of productivity and allow it to continue in its mentoring role.

在国家科学基金会三年的支持下，首席研究员 Peter Kuniholm 和康奈尔大学年轮实验室将致力于建立东地中海绝对日期的树木年轮年表，完全追溯到公元前 3000 年，可能到公元前 7000 年或更早。跨越 9000 年但尚未按单一顺序排列的 7500 年年表已经构建完成。重点将放在三个地区的样本收集上。第一个是对克罗地亚和波斯尼亚河流进行大规模商业开发，以获取数千根亚化石橡树茎，其中一些不仅可以填补序列空白，而且可以追溯到 10,489 年前，这是北欧橡树年表目前的极限。这些企业已同意供应其所有长寿命材料的切片。第二个“机会目标”是通过伊斯坦布尔市中心建设一条 39 公里长的地铁系统所提供的独特可能性。隧道的施工最近推迟了一年，以便有更多时间挖掘和保存数百万件考古文物，但隧道的竣工日期预计为四年后。耶尼卡皮火车站的考古发掘每天分三班进行，每班 8 小时，目前深度为 800 米 x 400 米 x 25 米，迄今为止已深入一系列奥斯曼帝国、拜占庭和晚期罗马时期的地层，其中一部分可追溯到新石器时代，那里最近发现了 6 世纪以来用篱笆和涂抹的渔民小屋。公元前是 出土了。在过去的三年里，库尼霍尔姆的团队在耶尼卡皮收集了不同时期的 2000 多个桩，预计在未来三四年内将收集更多早期时期的 3000 个桩。来自希腊北部、土耳其黑海沿岸和多瑙河（甚至可能是多瑙河本身）的进口木材已经被识别出来，从而揭示了进出口模式。最后，Kuniholm 博士正在与保加利亚和欧盟的一项研究项目“水下景观、重建古环境和史前定居模式”合作，该项目的联合首席研究员 (Wazny) 是树木年代学部分的主席。预计每年将从这些来源检索约 1000 个树木年代学样本，其中一些样本已经提供了爱琴海橡木年代学和绝对日期的北欧橡木年代学之间的联系。建立从现在到新石器时代或更早的连续树木年轮时间线，将有助于确定近东、爱琴海和巴尔干地区各种文化的年代，但目前这些文化的联系还很薄弱。如果克罗地亚和波斯尼亚河流产生了人们合理预期的结果，这也将允许在当前的公元前 8480 年之前校准欧洲橡木放射性碳时间尺度。康奈尔大学树轮实验室是美国领先的科学组织，在树木年代学培训本科生和研究生方面发挥着重要作用。这笔赠款还将有助于保持实验室的高水平生产力，并使其能够继续发挥指导作用。