CAP3: Urban Sustainability in the Dynamic Environment of Central Arizona, USA

三十多年来，长期生态研究（LTER）计划一直支持基础生态研究，这些研究需要在二十多个实地点的协调网络中进行长时间和大空间尺度的研究。 自1998年以来，LTER计划已经支持了两个城市环境中的网站，以明确研究人类活动和大都市环境中的生态过程之间的相互作用。 该奖项为亚利桑那州中部凤凰城（CAP）长期生态研究（LTER）项目提供了新的支持。 CAP的核心问题是：不断发展的城市生态系统提供的服务如何影响人类的结果和行为，以及人类的行动（反应）如何改变生态系统结构和功能的模式，并最终改变动态环境中的城市可持续性？ 从一个通过生态系统服务将城市社会生态系统的社会和生态领域联系起来的概念框架出发，CAP将继续建立土地利用和土地覆盖变化、人类态度和人类对环境的看法的基础数据库; 6400平方公里研究区域内生态变量的广泛快照;家庭和邻里规模的反应，实验操纵住宅景观和人口和经济变量。基于这些基础，正在进行的和新的研究将在四个综合项目领域进行：（1）气候，生态系统和人;（2）沙漠城市的水动力学;（3）生物地球化学模式，过程和人类结果;（4）人类决策和生物多样性。将开展新的活动，以综合超过12年的现有数据，并与其他科学家，决策者和公众合作，共同制定亚利桑那州中部可持续未来的愿景。在智力价值方面，该项目将通过使用基于地点的跨学科方法，发展和测试关于城市环境中社会生态系统的理论，加强基本的科学认识。该项目的长期数据库将得到进一步开发，并用于检验关于在经过精心设计和高度改造的城市环境中生态系统服务的新假设。关于土地覆盖的新工作将包括三个不同的尺度（地块、大都市、区域“大都市”），增加对高分辨率图像的基于对象的分析，以解决与不同土地配置（结构）、植被-水热相互作用和风暴期间水的运动有关的生态系统服务问题。与水有关的项目带来了新的水文专业知识和模型，以解决水和连通性的景观再分配、生态系统服务和虚拟水等问题。生物地球化学研究将继续侧重于改变的循环，并将增加对持久性有机污染物的分析。“城市食物网”的新视角将组织生物多样性研究，继续侧重于对城市化过程中生物多样性变化的机械解释。在其大部分工作中，履约协助方案将系统地处理生态系统服务之间以及这些服务与人类成果之间的权衡问题。关于更广泛的影响，该项目将提高科学家和决策者对城市作为解决可持续性挑战的社会生态平台的认识。它将在所有各级结合教育和推广工作，并将继续为一个迅速变化的系统开发和维持一个生态和社会变数的全面、长期数据库。CAP还将把研究人员与社区和政府决策者聚集在一起，制定战略，在亚利桑那州中部和类似的城市环境中发展可持续的未来。

For more than three decades, the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program has supported fundamental ecological research that requires long time periods and large spatial scales at a coordinated network of more than two dozen field sites. Since 1998, the LTER Program has supported two sites in urban settings to explicitly examine the interactions among human activities and ecological processes in metropolitan settings. This award provides renewed support for the Central Arizona Phoenix (CAP) long-term ecological research (LTER) project. CAP's central question is: How do the services provided by evolving urban ecosystems affect human outcomes and behavior, and how does human action (response) alter patterns of ecosystem structure and function and, ultimately, urban sustainability, in a dynamic environment? Working from a conceptual framework that links the social and ecological spheres of urban socioecological systems via ecosystem services, CAP will continue to build foundational databases of land-use and land-cover change, human attitudes, and human perceptions with respect to the environment; an extensive snapshot of ecological variables across the 6400-square km study area; household- and neighborhood-scale responses to experimental manipulation of residential landscapes; and demographic and economic variables. Based on these foundations, ongoing and new research will be conducted in four integrative project areas: (1) Climate, Ecosystems and People; (2) Water Dynamics in a Desert City; (3) Biogeochemical Patterns, Processes, and Human Outcomes; and (4) Human Decisions and Biodiversity. New activities will be undertaken both to synthesize more than 12 years of existing data and to work with other scientists, decision makers, and the public in collaboratively producing a vision for a sustainable future in central Arizona. In terms of intellectual merit, this project will enhance basic scientific understanding by developing and testing theories regarding socioecological systems in urban contexts, using a place-based, transdisciplinary approach. The project's long-term database will be further developed and used to test new hypotheses about ecosystem services in designed and highly modified urban environments. New work on land cover will include three distinct scales (parcel, metropolitan, regional "megapolitan"), adding object-based analysis of high-resolution imagery to address questions about ecosystem services associated with different land configurations (architectures), vegetationwaterheat interactions, and movement of water during storms. Water-related projects bring new hydrologic expertise and models to bear on questions of landscape redistribution of water and connectivity, ecosystem services, and virtual water. Biogeochemical research will continue to focus on altered cycles and will add analysis of persistent organic pollutants. A new perspective of "the urban food web" will organize biodiversity research, which continues to focus on mechanistic explanations for biodiversity change in the face of urbanization. Throughout much of its work, CAP will launch systematic treatments of tradeoffs among ecosystem services and between those services and human outcomes. With respect to broader impacts, this project will raise scientists' and decision makers' awareness of cities as socioecological platforms for solving sustainability challenges. It will integrate education and outreach at all levels, and it will continue to develop and maintain a comprehensive, long-term database of ecological and social variables for a rapidly changing system. CAP also will bring together researchers with community and governmental decision makers to develop strategies for developing a sustainable future in central Arizona and similar kinds of urban environments.