Constituting Knowledge across Cultures of Expertise and Tradition: An Ethnographic Study of Indigenous Technoscientists and Their Collaborators

土著人民对基因组科学项目的反应各不相同，这取决于提出的具体问题以及这些领域的方法和历史。他们越来越抵制科学探究，因为他们认为这与他们的价值观相冲突。在美国和加拿大，我们的研究地点，土著人正在规范研究，对科学数据提出财产要求，并要求给予研究人员进入其社区的某些好处。美洲原住民部落表示有兴趣发起/资助基因组研究，以直接提高他们的知识和治理能力。部落还强调并资助科学和技术领域的培训，将其视为自治和社区繁荣所必需的能力建设战略。因此，美洲原住民和加拿大第一民族的个人进入技术科学领域，以支持土著自治，并在影响土著生活的思想领域的人员和模式方面实现多样化。本项目将利用档案和人种学方法调查土著基因组科学家作为基因组科学领域民主化的推动者。 是因为它们促进了还是挑战了土著基因组科学家？作为基因组学和土著治理交叉点的知识生产者、部落管理者、文化专家和社区成员的作用也将是研究的重点，特别是当他们处理基因组学与土著治理和土著治理的交叉点时。传统？和官僚化的认知方式主题将来自与土著人民和政府有关的领域;其中包括基本的人口遗传学研究（即人类移徙和进化问题）和生物医学研究。土著科学家的人数仍然很少，他们与非土著合作者一起工作，后者也在实验室和部落之间为科学探究提供知识和机会。因此，我们也将关注非土著科学家？在将科学实践、优先事项和价值观融入土著治理中发挥作用。智力价值这项研究对基因组科学领域、STS和社会都有智力价值。土著科学家和合作者的工作可能表明价值观和知识的相互促进。教室、领域和实验室的多样化可能只是一个开始。除了谁来查询、谁来采样、谁来进行数据分析之外，在基因组学与本土知识和实践的交叉点上，是否出现了新的研究问题、理论、方法和管理安排？对于STS，这项研究增加了其后殖民链的奖学金，这是在美国治疗不足，这是重要的，使STS本身更加多元文化。更广泛的影响这项研究将建议的机会，并突出的障碍，使基因组科学规范更加多元文化和兼容的土著社区？需求 随着研究领域和实验室的多样化，其结果是否会是基因组学与本土知识和价值观的交叉融合？当土著人民作为研究人员而不仅仅是作为研究对象时，结果是否会产生新的研究问题、理论、方法和管理安排？该项目将揭示增加基因组科学的社会利益分配给土著人民的机会和挑战，因为土著人民的需要和价值观往往被贴上与现代科学相冲突的标签。

Indigenous peoples respond in diverse ways to genome science projects depending on the particular questions being asked, and the methods and histories of those fields. Increasingly, they resist scientific inquiry that they view as in conflict with their values. In the U.S. and Canada, our research sites, indigenes are regulating research, making property claims on scientific data, and requiring certain benefits in return for granting researchers access to their communities. Native American tribes show interest in initiating/funding genomic research in order to directly bolster their intellectual and governance capacities. Tribes also emphasize and fund training in science and technology fields as a capacity-building strategy that they see as necessary for self-governance and community flourishing. Accordingly, Native Americans and Canadian First Nation individuals enter technoscientific fields in order to support indigenous self governance and to diversify in terms of personnel and modes of thought fields that impact indigenous lives. This project will investigate indigenous genome scientists as agents in the democratization of genome science fields using archival and ethnographic methods. Because they facilitate or challenge indigenous genome scientists? roles as knowledge producers at the intersection of genomics and indigenous governance, tribal regulators, cultural experts, and community members will also be a focus of research, especially as they address the intersections of genomics with both indigenous ?traditional? and bureaucratized ways of knowing. Subjects will be drawn from fields to which indigenous peoples and governments are connected; they include basic human population genetics research (i.e. on human migrations and evolutionary questions) and biomedical research. Indigenous scientists are still few in number and they work with non-indigenous collaborators who also broker knowledge and opportunities for scientific inquiry between the laboratory and the tribe. Thus we will also focus on non-indigenous scientists? roles in integrating scientific practices, priorities, and values into indigenous governance.Intellectual meritThis research has intellectual merit for genome science fields, for STS, and for society. The work of indigenous scientists and collaborators may suggest cross-fertilizations of values and knowledges. Diversifying the classroom, the field, and the laboratory may be only the beginning. Beyond who inquires, who samples, and who does data analysis, are new research questions, theories, methods, and governing arrangements emerging at the intersections of genomics and indigenous knowledges and practices? For STS, this research adds to its postcolonial strand of scholarship, which is undertreated in the U.S. and which is important for making STS itself more multicultural.Broader impactsThis research will suggest opportunities for and highlight the barriers to making genome science norms more multi-cultural and compatible with indigenous communities? needs. Will the result be cross-fertilizations of genomics and indigenous knowledges and values as the field and laboratory are diversified? Will the result be new research questions, theories, methods, and governing arrangements when indigenous peoples act as researchers and not simply as research subjects? This project will reveal opportunities and challenges for increasing the distribution of social benefits from genome science to indigenous peoples whose needs and values are often labeled as in conflict with modern science.