Collaborative Research: DYNAmics of the Madden Julian Oscillation/DYNAMO Mooring

目前对马登-朱利安振荡（MJO）的预报技术是有限的，特别是对印度洋上空的初始阶段的预报能力很差。 最先进的全球模式无法再现MJO，这降低了它们对季节到年际的预测，并降低了对它们预测未来气候能力的信心。COMO的总体目标是加快我们对印度洋MJO启动关键过程的理解，并帮助改进MJO的模拟和预测。COMO现场活动被提议作为CINDY 2011的美国部分（2011年印度洋季节内变率合作实验），计划于2011年10月至2012年3月在赤道印度洋中部地区开展一项国际实地方案。四个国家（澳大利亚、印度、日本和美国）将参加。这个实地项目的目的是观察云群的结构和演变，它们与大尺度环境的相互作用，以及MJO启动期间的海气相互作用过程。 一组三个上层海洋/表面通量系泊装置（MJO系泊装置）将用于研究赤道印度洋表面混合层和分层温跃层中的海洋过程及其对MJO启动和演变的影响。 科学目标是量化和了解上层海洋的预处理，演变和恢复的动力学，因为它与MJO事件相互作用，从而为MJO数值模型中的参数化方案提供准确的物理学。与MJO耦合的关键上层海洋过程包括：（1）表面混合层底部的湍流热通量，（2）障碍层，（3）Wyrtki急流，（4）浅Seychelles-Chagos温跃层脊，以及（5）表面强迫，混合层过程和湍流通量的日变化。这些海洋过程的影响的可测试的假设被确定，并将使用3.5个月的上层海洋过程和赤道印度洋的湍流通量连续观测处理。系泊阵列将部署在雷达探测阵列的中心，该阵列由两艘船和两个岛屿站组成，代表了CINDY 2011计划的核心观测组件。每个系泊设备将配备气象传感器、CTD传感器阵列、系泊微结构传感器（吊舱）和ADCP。额外的吊舱阵列将部署在附近的三个拉马停泊处。结合从其他大气和海洋组件的MJO的测量，我们将开发一个详细的重建的响应（恢复）的表面混合层，障碍层，浅Seychelles-Chagos温跃层脊，Wyrtki射流，和赤道湍流通量（从）MJO。智力优势：海洋动力学系泊系统将提供对印度洋海洋屏障层、上层海洋混合和卷吸、海气相互作用以及整个表面混合层过程的观测，这些都是MJO启动的关键。这些观测结果将提供给建模者、理论家和其他观测团体，以更好地理解和预测热带气候系统。观测将提供物理洞察海洋过程与MJO的相互作用，并导致基于物理的参数化，这将提高MJO的预测skill.Broader影响：该项目将介绍年轻科学家复杂的多尺度和海气相互作用问题在热带气候系统。将利用COMO观测数据校准和验证卫星检索结果，使其应用于MJO相关问题以外的更广泛领域。通过气候变化联合观测组织的活动改进的MJO模拟和预测将提高能力，为社会风险管理和决策提供季节内时间尺度的预测和评估产品，并加强对气候模拟和预测的信心。

Current prediction skill for the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is limited, and particularly poor for the initiation phase over the Indian Ocean. The inability of state-of-the-art global models to reproduce the MJO degrades their seasonal to inter-annual prediction and lessens confidence in their ability to project future climate. The overarching goal of DYNAMO is to expedite our understanding of processes key to MJO initiation over the Indian Ocean and to help improve simulation and prediction of the MJO.The DYNAMO field campaign is proposed as the US component of CINDY2011 (Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in 2011), an international field program planned for October 2011 - March 2012 in the equatorial central Indian Ocean region. Four countries (Australia, India, Japan, and the US) will participate. This field program is designed to observe the structure and evolution of cloud populations, their interaction with the large-scale environment, and air-sea interaction processes during MJO initiation. An array of three upper-ocean / surface-flux moorings (DYNAMO moorings) will be used to study oceanic processes in the surface mixed layer and the stratified thermocline in the equatorial Indian Ocean and their effects on the initiation and evolution of MJO. The scientific goals are to quantify and understand the dynamics of the preconditioning, evolution, and recovery of the upper ocean as it interacts with MJO events and, thereby, to provide accurate physics to parameterization schemes in numerical models of the MJO. Key upper oceanic processes crucial to the coupling with the MJO include: (1) turbulence heat flux at the base of the surface mixed layer, (2) barrier layer, (3) Wyrtki jet, (4) shallow Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge, and (5) diurnal variation of surface forcing, mixed layer processes, and turbulence flux. Testable hypotheses for effects of these oceanic processes are identified and will be tackled using 3.5-month continuous observations of the upper ocean processes and turbulence flux across the equatorial Indian Ocean. The mooring array will be deployed in the center of a radar sounding array consisting of two ships and two island stations, representing the core observational components of the DYNAMO/CINDY2011 program. Each mooring will be equipped with meteorological sensors, arrays of CTD sensors, moored microstructure sensors (pods), and ADCPs. Additional arrays of pods will be deployed on three nearby RAMA moorings. Combined with measurements from other atmospheric and oceanic components of DYNAMO, we will develop a detailed reconstruction of the response (recovery) of the surface mixed layer, barrier layer, shallow Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge, Wyrtki jet, and equatorial turbulent flux to (from) the MJO. Intellectual Merit: DYNAMO moorings will provide observations of the ocean barrier layer, upper-ocean mixing and entrainment, air-sea interaction, and overall surface mixed layer processes in the Indian Ocean which are key to the MJO initiation. These observations will be available to modelers, theoreticians, and other observational groups to better understand and predict the tropical climate system. The observations will provide physical insight into the interaction of oceanic processes with the MJO and lead to physics-based parameterizations that will improve MJO prediction skill.Broader impact: The project will introduce young scientists to complex multi-scale and air-sea interaction problems in the tropical climate system. DYNAMO observations will be used to calibrate and validate satellite retrievals, benefiting their application to much broader areas beyond MJO-related problems. Improved MJO simulation and prediction born from DYNAMO activities will enhance the capacity to deliver prediction and assessment products on intra-seasonal timescales for societal risk management and decision making, and to strengthen confidence in climate simulation and projection.