DYNAmics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation / DYNAMO Subsurface Fluxes

迪纳摩是美国的一项研究计划，其总体目标是加速我们对印度洋上空马登-朱利安涛动(MJO)启动的关键过程的理解。Dynamo由四个集成组件组成：现场活动、数据分析、建模和预测。该现场计划旨在观察MJO启动期间云团的结构和演变、它们与大尺度环境的相互作用以及海-气相互作用过程。该项目代表海洋侧(次表层)通量测量计划，以补充作为迪纳摩海气相互作用组成部分的表面通量测量。迪纳摩次表层通量计划侧重于赤道印度洋上层的海气相互作用，这是启动MJO的一个关键方面。该项目将提供印度洋障碍层、上层混合和夹带以及一般表层行为的综合测量。将使用经过验证的仪器和技术，在35天内对上层海洋的温度、盐度、洋流和湍流进行全面和系统的剖面图。这项实验的重点将是评估由于表面通量、随深度变化的太阳加热(使用现场光学仪器测量)和湍流热传输的次表层发散(使用Chameleon CTD/湍流剖面仪测量)的组合而引起的上层海洋热含量的变化。平流贡献将从系泊阵列中估计出来。这些测量将为确定MJO启动阶段海洋/大气反馈的物理过程以及在大尺度海洋环流模式中对这些过程进行参数化奠定基础。这些观测将被纳入迪纳摩/CINDY2011计划，并向广大社区提供，以帮助了解和预测热带气候系统。目前，在数值模式中对这些过程的不充分描述阻碍了对MJO启动的准确模拟和预测。更好地理解这些过程对于改进它们在数值模式中的表现是至关重要的。迪纳摩次表层通量计划将向年轻科学家介绍热带气候系统中复杂的、多尺度的海-气相互作用问题。发电机观测将被用于校准和验证卫星反演，使其在与MJO有关的问题之外的更广泛的领域得到应用。来自迪纳摩活动的改进的MJO模拟和预测将增强在季节内时间尺度上为社会风险管理和决策提供预测和评估产品的能力，并增强对气候预测的信心。

DYNAMO is a US research program motivated by the overall objective to expedite our understanding of processes key to the initiation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) over the Indian Ocean. DYNAMO consists of four integrated components: a field campaign, data analysis, modeling, and forecasting. The field program is designed to observe the structure and evolution of cloud populations, their interaction with the large-scale environment, and air-sea interaction processes during MJO initiation. This project represents the ocean-side (subsurface) flux measurement program to complement surface flux measurements which are part of the air-sea interaction component of DYNAMO. The DYNAMO subsurface flux program focuses on air-sea interaction in the upper equatorial Indian Ocean, a key aspect for MJO initiation. This project will provide comprehensive measurements of the Indian Ocean barrier layer, upper-ocean mixing and entrainment as well as general surface layer behavior. Comprehensive and systematic upper ocean profiling of temperature, salinity, currents and turbulence will be executed during 35 days using proven instrumentation and techniques. This experiment's special focus will be assessment of changes in upper ocean heat content due to the combination of surface fluxes, depth-dependent solar heating (measured using in situ optical instrumentation) and subsurface divergence of turbulence heat transport (measured using the Chameleon CTD/ turbulence profiler). Advective contributions will be estimated from mooring arrays. These measurements will provide the basis for a determination of the physical processes underlying ocean/atmosphere feedbacks during the MJO initiation phase and for the parameterization of these processes in large scale ocean circulation models. These observations will be integrated into the DYNAMO/CINDY2011 program and made available to the general community to aid in understanding and predicting tropical climate systems. Inadequate representations of these processes in numerical models presently inhibit accurate simulation and prediction of MJO initiation. A better understanding of these processes is essential for improving their representations in numerical models.The DYNAMO subsurface flux program will introduce young scientists to complex, multi-scale air-sea interaction problems in the tropical climate system. DYNAMO observations will be used to calibrate and validate satellite retrievals, benefiting their application to much broader areas beyond MJO-related problems. Improved MJO simulation and prediction born from DYNAMO activities will enhance the capacity to deliver prediction and assessment products on intra-seasonal timescales for societal risk management and decision making, and to strengthen confidence in climate projections.