Doctoral Dissertation Research: Recognizing Urban Space in Developing Places: Everyday Practices and Urban Farms in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

在过去的20年里，对整个非洲城市农业的研究已经证实了它对单个家庭和更广泛的社区经济的重要性。在坦桑尼亚的达累斯萨拉姆，大约40%的人口（约140万人）从事某种形式的城市农业，生产了城市内消费的约50%的食物。以前的研究倾向于把城市农业作为一种纯粹的经济活动来关注，但现在越来越重要的是研究人们如何利用他们的农场来建立网络，并通过与其他人和土地的互动来促进社会稳定。这个博士论文研究项目将研究达累斯萨拉姆的城市农场如何被建设成独特的城市空间，并将探索它们对依赖它们的人们的生活和生计的一系列影响。主持这个项目的博士生将使用一个基于批判性城市地理学的概念框架，挑战非洲城市通常被评估的发展主义视角。这一视角将与Henri Lefebvre的空间三元组合相结合，研究城市农业空间是如何通过农民的日常活动来协商和产生的。与城市农民、园丁和城市规划者进行的半结构化访谈和心理映射练习将提供有关国家和农民实践和感知城市农业方式的数据，农民如何在城市框架内进行谈判，以及规划者如何将城市农业视为城市经济发展的障碍。与选定的农民一起进行的照片语音项目将使用焦点小组来检查人们通过日常活动参与的图像和活动目的。该项目将展示研究发展中国家城市农业空间的社会和经济用途及其在提供其他城市场所所没有的生计安全方面的作用的重要性。它应该揭示城市农业空间在多大程度上提供了许多重要但不太明显的量化效益，例如人们在这些空间中以农业努力实现的方式吃喝、清洁、社交、娱乐和庆祝的方式。了解城市农业对农民的社会和经济影响范围将为努力将城市农业纳入其规划政策的城市提供有效决策的关键信息。由于本项目考察了城市农场作为应对国家和传统经济无法有效为其公民提供服务的情况的作用，其结果将对城市农业的分区框架和公共政策产生影响，这两者都需要纳入人们利用城市农场满足其经济和社会生计需求的各种方式。作为博士论文研究改进奖，该奖项还将提供支持，使有前途的学生建立一个强大的独立研究生涯。

Over the last 20 years, research on urban agriculture throughout Africa has confirmed its importance for the economies of individual families and the broader communities. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, approximately 40 percent of the population (about 1.4 million people) engage in some form of urban agriculture and produce about 50 percent of the food consumed within the city. Previous research has tended to focus on urban farming as a purely economic activity, but it has become increasingly important to examine the ways that people use their farms to create networks and promote social stability through interactions with other people and the land. This doctoral dissertation research project will examine how urban farms in Dar es Salaam are constructed as distinct urban spaces, and it will explore the range of effects that they have on the lives and livelihoods of the people who depend on them. The doctoral student conducting this project will use a conceptual framework based in critical urban geography that challenges the developmentalist lens through which African cities often are assessed. This perspective will be combined with Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad to examine how urban farming spaces are negotiated and produced through farmers' everyday activities. Semi-structured interviews and mental mapping exercises with urban farmers, gardeners, and city planners will provide data on the ways urban farming is practiced and perceived by the state and farmers, how farmers negotiate within the urban framework, and how planners view urban agriculture as a hindrance to urban economic development. A photo voice project with selected farmers will use focus groups to examine images and purposes of activities that people engage in through their daily activities.The project will demonstrate the importance of examining both the social and economic uses of urban farming space in developing countries and its roles in providing livelihood security not found through in other urban venues. It should reveal the extent to which urban farming spaces provide many essential yet less obviously quantifiable benefits, such as the ways that people eat, drink, clean, socialize, play and celebrate in these spaces in ways that are made possible by the farming endeavor. Understanding the range of social and economic effects of urban agriculture on farmers will provide critical information for effective decision-making in cities struggling to incorporate urban agriculture into their planning policies. Because this project examines the role of urban farms as a response to situations in which the state and the traditional economy cannot effectively provide for its citizens, its results will have implications for zoning frameworks and public policy regarding urban farming that both need to incorporate the variety of ways people use urban farms to fulfill their economic and social livelihood needs. As a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement award, this award also will provide support to enable a promising student to establish a strong independent research career.