Doctoral Dissertation Research: Recognizing Urban Space in Developing Places: Everyday Practices and Urban Farms in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

在过去20年中，对整个非洲城市农业的研究证实了其对单个家庭和更广泛社区经济的重要性。在坦桑尼亚的达累斯萨拉姆，大约40%的人口（约140万人）从事某种形式的城市农业，生产约50%的城市内消费的食物。 以前的研究往往侧重于城市农业作为一种纯粹的经济活动，但它已成为越来越重要的研究，人们使用他们的农场，以创建网络，并通过与其他人和土地的互动促进社会稳定的方式。 这个博士论文研究项目将研究达累斯萨拉姆的城市农场是如何作为独特的城市空间构建的，并将探讨它们对依赖它们的人的生活和生计的影响范围。 进行这个项目的博士生将使用一个基于关键城市地理学的概念框架，挑战经常用来评估非洲城市的发展主义透镜。这一观点将与亨利列费夫尔的空间三位一体相结合，探讨城市农业空间是如何通过农民的日常活动进行谈判和生产的。 半结构化的采访和心理地图练习与城市农民，园丁，城市规划者将提供数据的方式城市农业是实践和感知的国家和农民，农民如何在城市框架内谈判，以及规划者如何看待城市农业作为城市经济发展的障碍。 与选定的农民一起开展的一个照片声音项目将利用焦点小组来审查人们通过日常活动所从事的活动的形象和目的，该项目将展示审查发展中国家城市农业空间的社会和经济用途及其在提供其他城市场所所没有的生计保障方面的作用的重要性。它应该揭示城市农业空间在多大程度上提供了许多重要但不太明显的可量化的好处，例如人们在这些空间中吃，喝，清洁，社交，玩耍和庆祝的方式，这些方式都是通过农业奋进实现的。 了解城市农业对农民的社会和经济影响的范围将为努力将城市农业纳入其规划政策的城市的有效决策提供关键信息。 由于该项目研究了城市农场的作用，以应对国家和传统经济无法有效地为公民提供服务的情况，因此其结果将对城市农业的分区框架和公共政策产生影响，这两者都需要将人们使用城市农场的各种方式纳入其中，以满足他们的经济和社会生计需求。 作为博士论文研究改进奖，该奖项还将提供支持，使有前途的学生建立一个强大的独立的研究生涯。

Over the last 20 years, research on urban agriculture throughout Africa has confirmed its importance for the economies of individual families and the broader communities. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, approximately 40 percent of the population (about 1.4 million people) engage in some form of urban agriculture and produce about 50 percent of the food consumed within the city. Previous research has tended to focus on urban farming as a purely economic activity, but it has become increasingly important to examine the ways that people use their farms to create networks and promote social stability through interactions with other people and the land. This doctoral dissertation research project will examine how urban farms in Dar es Salaam are constructed as distinct urban spaces, and it will explore the range of effects that they have on the lives and livelihoods of the people who depend on them. The doctoral student conducting this project will use a conceptual framework based in critical urban geography that challenges the developmentalist lens through which African cities often are assessed. This perspective will be combined with Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad to examine how urban farming spaces are negotiated and produced through farmers' everyday activities. Semi-structured interviews and mental mapping exercises with urban farmers, gardeners, and city planners will provide data on the ways urban farming is practiced and perceived by the state and farmers, how farmers negotiate within the urban framework, and how planners view urban agriculture as a hindrance to urban economic development. A photo voice project with selected farmers will use focus groups to examine images and purposes of activities that people engage in through their daily activities.The project will demonstrate the importance of examining both the social and economic uses of urban farming space in developing countries and its roles in providing livelihood security not found through in other urban venues. It should reveal the extent to which urban farming spaces provide many essential yet less obviously quantifiable benefits, such as the ways that people eat, drink, clean, socialize, play and celebrate in these spaces in ways that are made possible by the farming endeavor. Understanding the range of social and economic effects of urban agriculture on farmers will provide critical information for effective decision-making in cities struggling to incorporate urban agriculture into their planning policies. Because this project examines the role of urban farms as a response to situations in which the state and the traditional economy cannot effectively provide for its citizens, its results will have implications for zoning frameworks and public policy regarding urban farming that both need to incorporate the variety of ways people use urban farms to fulfill their economic and social livelihood needs. As a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement award, this award also will provide support to enable a promising student to establish a strong independent research career.