Exploiting Synergies between Remote Sensing and in Situ Measurements during ICE-T to Better Understand Ice Generation in Tropical Clouds

尽管长期以来人们认识到云中的冰成核和增殖过程对于降水过程以及云对全球气候的辐射影响的重要性，但我们对非均质冰成核机制和冰增殖过程的相关性的理解仍然有限。我们对冰形成过程的理解存在空白，这阻碍了云数值模拟中冰形成过程的参数化，从而导致数值模式模拟的云辐射特性和降水的不确定性。云中冰实验（Ice）是一系列在不同条件下研究云中冰核的实地活动，利用改进的观测能力，包括改进的原位探测器和机载多普勒雷达和激光雷达。ice - tropical （ice - t）将调查加勒比海东部的浅对流云中冰的形成。知识的优点。怀俄明州云雷达（WCR）以及怀俄明州云激光雷达（WCL）的向上和向下版本将在ice - t期间由NSF（国家科学基金会）/NCAR（国家大气研究中心）C-130飞机飞行，并将用于观察云内冰的发生。这项研究将有助于理解云动力学和微物理过程之间的关系。激光雷达反向散射和去极化测量将与PCASP（被动腔气溶胶光谱仪探针）和FSSP-300（前向散射光谱仪探针）测量一起使用，以确定气溶胶分布和尘埃层。尘埃对云中冰形成的影响将通过对比有尘和无尘条件下云中冰的形成和发展来检验。WCR的双多普勒能力将用于研究冰如何在云中运输，并探索云动力学与冰形成/倍增之间的联系。WCR和WCL的结合将允许雷达观测到的反射率和速度场与混合相位区域的边界明确地联系在一起。更广泛的影响。在这次调查中收集的雷达、激光雷达和现场气溶胶数据将有助于其他ICE-T调查人员进行分析。一名研究生将参与ICE-T实地活动和数据分析阶段。数据传播和其他更广泛的外联工作也将在这个项目的各个阶段进行。最后，对大气中冰的成核和增殖机制的进一步了解将改善数值模式中对流过程的参数化，从而改善全球气候模式中的云模拟。

Despite longstanding recognition of the importance of ice nucleation and multiplication processes in clouds, both for precipitation processes as well as for the radiative impact of clouds on global climate, our understanding of heterogeneous ice nucleation mechanisms and the relevance of ice multiplication processes remains limited. The gaps in our understanding of ice formation processes hinder parameterization of ice initiation processes in numerical simulations of clouds, thus leading to uncertainties in cloud radiative properties and precipitation simulated in numerical models.The Ice in Clouds Experiments (ICE) are a series of field campaigns investigating ice nucleation in clouds in a range of different conditions, taking advantage of improvements in observational capabilities including improved in situ probes and airborne Doppler radar and lidar. ICE-Tropical (ICE-T), will investigate ice formation in shallow, convective clouds over the eastern Caribbean.Intellectual merits. The Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR), together with upward- anddownward-looking versions of the Wyoming Cloud Lidar (WCL) will be flown on the NSF (National Science Foundation)/NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)C-130 aircraft during ICE-T and will be used to observe ice occurrence within cloud.This research will help understanding the relationship between cloud-dynamics andmicrophysical processes. Lidar backscatter and depolarization measurements will be used in conjunction with the PCASP (Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe) and FSSP-300 (Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe) measurements to identify aerosol distributions and dust layers. The effect of dust on ice formation in clouds will be examined by contrasting ice formation and development in clouds under dusty vs. non-dusty conditions.The dual-Doppler capability of the WCR will be used to investigate how ice is transported inside cloud, and explore the link between cloud dynamics and iceinitiation/multiplication. The combination of WCR and WCL will allow the reflectivity and velocity fields observed by the radar to be unambiguously linked to the boundaries ofthe mixed-phase region.Broader impacts. Radar, lidar, and in situ aerosol data collected during thisinvestigation will facilitate analyses conducted by other ICE-T investigators. A graduatestudent will participate in the ICE-T field campaign and data analysis phase. Data dissemination and other broader outreach efforts will also be carried out through various phases of this project. Finally, an improved understanding of ice nucleation andmultiplication mechanisms in the atmosphere will lead to improved parameterizations ofice processes in numerical models, in turn lead to a better cloud simulations in globalclimate models.