GSE/RES Going against the grain: Intuitive information processing,

智力优势：密苏里哥伦比亚大学建议提供一个通用模型，以了解女性为什么要追求与STEM相关的职业，尽管有各种因素使这种追求变得困难，借鉴了直觉判断过程的模型。这些决定往往不是基于对利弊的逻辑权衡，而是一个更直观的过程，主要由正义感驱动。这项拟议的努力将试图证明，伴随着成功经历的积极情感如何产生正义感，尤其是对倾向于遵循直觉的女性来说。四个实验将考察在典型的男性(或女性)任务中对成功反应的性别差异。独立的衡量标准将包括任务的持续性、对反馈的意义的评估，以及对STEM相关领域的态度。这些研究将检验直觉信息处理的个体差异与积极情绪相互作用的预测，以预测在与STEM相关的任务中对成功的反应，特别是对女性。可能会坚持这样的任务或追求这样的职业的女性，是那些优先考虑由成功产生的内在感觉，而不是拒绝的背景信息的女性。最后一项研究将回顾大学一年级女生的高中经历，并试图从负面环境、直觉、成功经历和积极影响的相互作用中预测她们对专业和职业的偏好。随着时间的推移，预期的后续行动将检验这些预测。建议的研究直接源于一项研究计划，该计划关注的是个体在直觉上的差异，对积极情感的认知效果的敏感性，心理事件的特权，以及意义的体验。这些研究将有助于了解人格的基本知识和对行为的预测，并有助于我们理解个体差异对情绪和认知过程之间关系的影响。此外，这项工作将把这些过程嵌入到更大的社会背景中，并提供关于个人选择与社会期望背道而驰、追求生活目标的方式的创新信息。更广泛的影响：这项工作的更大影响将在四个领域显而易见。首先，在教育方面，一组研究生和本科生研究人员(其中许多是女性)将积极参与研究进程，并参加会议旅行。其次，由于人格心理学本身仍然是一个男性主导的领域，这个研究项目将提供一个机会，培养对这一领域感兴趣的年轻女性学者。第三，这项研究将发表在人格和社会心理学的期刊上，并得到更广泛的传播。第四，就社会影响而言，这些研究可能会对追求明显不太可能的目标的广泛个人产生影响，包括追求非典型性别职业的男性，以及代表不足的群体(少数族裔、经济上处于不利地位的个人)，尽管外部信息与之相反，但他们跟随自己的直觉，朝着实现职业的方向前进。

Intellectual Merit: The University of Missouri Columbia proposes to provide a general model for understanding why women pursue STEM-related careers, despite various factors that render such pursuit difficult, drawing on models of intuitive judgment processes. Beginning with the notion that such decisions often result not from a logical weighing of pros and cons but rather a more intuitive process that is driven primarily by the feeling of rightness, the proposed effort will seek to demonstrate the ways that the positive affect that accompanies success experiences engenders a feeling of rightness, especially for women who are prone to follow hunches. Four experiments will examine gender differences in responses to success at stereotypically masculine (or feminine) tasks. The dependent measures will include task persistence, evaluations of the meaningfulness of the feedback given, and attitudes toward STEM-relevant fields. These studies will test the prediction that individual differences in intuitive information processing interact with positive affect to predict responses to success in STEM-relevant tasks, especially for women. Women who are likely to persist at such tasks or pursue such careers are those who privilege the internal gut feelings that are engendered by success over the messages of a nay-saying context. A final study will examine retrospective accounts of high school experiences in first year college women and will seek to predict their preferences for majors and careers from the interaction of negative climate, intuition, success experiences and positive affect. A prospective follow-up will test these predictions over time. The proposed studies grow directly out of a research program focusing on individual differences in intuition, susceptibility to the cognitive effects of positive affect, the privileging of mental events, and the experience of meaning. These studies will contribute to basic knowledge of personality and the prediction of behavior and to our understanding of the influence of individual differences on the relationship between mood and cognitive processes. Further, this work will embed these processes in the larger social context and provide innovative information about the ways that individuals choose to go against the grain and pursue life goals that stand in contradiction to social expectations.Broader Impacts: The larger impacts of this work will be evident in four domains. First, educationally, a team of graduate and undergraduate researchers (many of whom are women) will be actively engaged in the research process and included in conference travel. Second, because personality psychology itself remains a male-dominated area, this program of research will provide an opportunity to foster young women scholars with interests in this domain. Third, the research will be submitted to journals in personality and social psychology as well as disseminated more broadly. Fourth, in terms of societal impact, these studies may have implications for a broad range of individuals who pursue apparently unlikely goals, including men who pursue gender-atypical careers and under-represented groups (minorities, economically disadvantaged individuals) who, despite external messages to the contrary, follow their gut feelings toward fulfilling careers.