CAREER: Document Layout and Formatting Helper for Blind Authors

大多数针对盲人的计算机交互研究都将这些用户视为信息的消费者，而不是创造者。专门针对盲人的文档创建工作主要集中在支持与编写文档相关的一般任务，而不是文档格式和布局，尽管有证据表明，当盲人作者的文档不符合文档表示的“预期”标准时，他们会被不屑一顾。因此，许多盲人作者依靠视力正常的人来检查他们的文件；因此，他们不能像视力正常的同龄人那样富有成效。PI在这个项目中的目标是促进盲人作者在制作符合正常读者所期望的呈现标准的文档时的独立性。为此，PI将开发一个影响加权的盲人作者常见文档表示错误分类法。她将探讨盲人作者学习和应对的心理模型和策略，以及这些模型和策略如何促进独立文档格式化和布局活动的成功。她将调查盲人作者的内容共享和投票动态。这些发现将使她能够实现一个集成的解决方案，以Microsoft Word兼容的格式和布局检查器的形式为盲人作者准备文档，并修复Word的语法和拼写检查器与常用屏幕阅读器之间的兼容性问题。她将为盲人作者开发一个可访问的内容共享环境，并通过亚马逊土耳其机器人为视力正常的人提供帮助。为了实现她的目标，PI将采用其他技术，包括盲人用户的参与式设计和对照实验，以调查语法，拼写，格式和布局状态，错误和纠正的实时非视觉呈现（包括通过使用触觉反馈和空间声音）。更广泛的影响：这项研究自然会涉及几乎所有阶段的盲人。项目成果将减少盲人作者依赖有视力的帮助的必要性，从而为这个社区的成员提供更高的独立性和生产力。这项工作可能对一般人群也有价值，对他们来说，非视觉文档呈现信息可以在眼睛忙碌或基于手机的交互中受益。PI将与该项目一起开展许多教育和推广活动，包括向盲人和视障人士中心和学校分发开发的软件工具，以及为心理学和计算机工程专业的学生开发多学科和多层次（本科生和研究生）课程，内容是“为有特殊需要的人设计社会技术系统”。

Most work on computer interaction for blind people focuses on these users as consumers, rather than creators, of information. Work on document creation specifically intended for blind people mainly concentrates on supporting general tasks associated with writing documents rather than on document formatting and layout, even though there is evidence that blind authors' documents are treated dismissively when they do not live up to "expected" standards of document presentation. Many blind authors therefore rely on sighted people to check their documents; consequently, they cannot be as productive as their sighted peers. The PI's goal in this project is to facilitate independence for blind authors in producing documents that meet the presentation standards expected by sighted readers. To these ends, the PI will develop an impact-weighted taxonomy of common document presentation errors of blind authors. She will explore blind authors' mental models and strategies for learning and coping, and how these models and strategies contribute to the success of independent document formatting and layout activities. And she will investigate the content-sharing and voting dynamics of blind authors. These findings will enable her to implement an integrated solution to document preparation for blind authors in the form of a Microsoft Word compatible formatting and layout checker, as well as a fix to the compatibility problems between Word's grammar and spell checkers and commonly used screen readers. And she will develop an accessible content-sharing environment for blind authors with an interface for sighted help from Amazon Mechanical Turk. To achieve her goals the PI will employ, among other techniques, participatory design with blind users and controlled experiments for investigating real-time non-visual presentation of grammar, spelling, formatting and layout statuses, errors and corrections (including through the use of haptic feedback and spatial sound).Broader Impacts: This research will naturally involve blind persons at almost all stages. Project outcomes will reduce the necessity for blind authors to rely on sighted help, thus affording increased independence and productivity to members of this community. The work will likely prove of value to the general population as well, for whom non-visual document presentation information can be of benefit in eyes-busy or phone-based interactions. The PI will conduct numerous educational and outreach activities in conjunction with this project, including distribution of the software tools developed to centers and schools for blind and visually impaired persons, and development of a multidisciplinary and multilevel (undergraduate and graduate) course aimed at both psychology and computer engineering students on "Designing Socio-technical Systems for People with Special Needs."