Experimental and theoretical investigations of filter feeding mechanisms of recent and fossil crinoids

本计画是一项跨学科的研究，以详细分析过滤器的进料机制。由于海百合的多样性、广泛的形态范围和被动的悬浮摄食策略，这一群体的代表是研究生物过滤机制性能的理想对象。现存和灭绝的形式将使用现代计算方法以及水槽（流道）实验进行比较，以测试理论假设并获得实验数据。这项研究的目的是：1）实质上有助于我们对被动悬浮液进食机制的了解，2）分析不同过滤器结构对流动模式和过滤效率的影响，3）得出海百合进食策略的结论，并确定过滤器进食策略在海百合进化中的可能作用，以及4）获得关于用于不同目的的有效颗粒捕获的仿生概念。应用的方法包括：1）对中三叠世百合状海百合（Encrinus liliiformis）化石和现存的Hyocrinus sp.的详细人工模型进行水槽实验（粒子图像测速，PIV），2)数值模拟（FEM）的三维模型的E。百合形，Hyocrinus sp.和Neocrinus decorus（也是现存的），使用商业程序包。计算机模拟的应用代表了一种方法，该方法最近被引入用于分析生物过滤器机制，迄今尚未被应用于海百合过滤器饲养。首次将PIV技术应用于过滤器进料分析。

This project is an interdisciplinary study to analyze filter feeding mechanisms in detail. Due to the great diversity, the wide morphological range and the passive suspension feeding strategy of crinoids, representatives of this group are ideal objects for studying the performance of biological filter mechanisms. Extant and extinct forms will be compared using modern computational approaches as well as flume (flow channel) experiments to test theoretical hypothesis and to obtain experimental data. The aim of the study is to: 1) contribute substantially to our knowledge of passive suspension feeding mechanisms, 2) analyze the effect of different filter architectures on flow patterns and filter efficiency, 3) draw conclusions on feeding strategies of crinoids and identify the possible role of filter feeding strategies in the evolution of crinoids, and 4) to obtain biomimetic concepts with respect to efficient particle capturing for different purposes. Applied methods include 1) flume experiments (Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV) on detailed artificial models of fossil Encrinus liliiformis (Middle Triassic) and extant Hyocrinus sp., 2) numerical simulations (FEM) on 3d models of E. liliiformis, Hyocrinus sp. and Neocrinus decorus (also extant), using a commercial program package. The application of computer simulations represents a method that has been recently introduced for analyzing biological filter mechanisms and has hitherto not been applied to crinoid filter feeding. PIV will be applied for analyzing filter feeding for the first time.