Atmospheric Sounding Network in the Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation Project (DYNAMO)

马登-朱利安振荡动力学(发电机)实地活动是2011年底/2012年初在印度洋进行的一项国际实验--印度洋季节内变化合作实验(CINDY2011)--的美国组成部分。迪纳摩的首要目标是加快对印度洋上启动MJO的关键过程的了解，并改进对MJO的模拟和预测。现场活动将包括多个雷达、大气探测点、一架研究机、多艘研究船和海洋测量。迪纳摩的三个主要假设是：1)只有当湿层在MJO尺度的区域变得足够深时，才能将深层对流组织成MJO对流包层；这种增湿发生的速度决定了爆发前状态的持续时间，2)不同阶段的特定对流种群对MJO的启动至关重要，3)障碍层、风和切变驱动的混合、浅层温跃层和混合层夹带都通过控制上层海洋热含量和SST，从而控制表层通量反馈，在印度洋MJO启动中发挥关键作用。该奖项是为了规划和实施迪纳摩探空网络，以及后续的质量控制和分析。迪纳摩探空网将由四个地点组成：GAN、迭戈·加西亚和两艘考察船。研究人员将为迪纳摩公司规划探测网络，并建立探测数据监测系统，用于数据的现场质量控制和快视产品的准备。活动结束后，该小组将为迪纳摩模拟社区准备大尺度强迫场，并进行涉及散度和非绝热加热廓线以及MJO生命周期中边界层演变的诊断研究。这些任务将有助于解决发电机运动的假设1和2。除了最重要的迪纳摩假设，研究人员还确定了他们计划测试的另外两个阶段：1)印度洋上MJO的提前(增湿或预适应)阶段，而不是在对流层低层表现出逐渐、稳定的水汽积累，其特征是水汽场的逐步演变，这与不同云群的发展有关，2)印度洋中部混合层深度及其性质在MJO的时间尺度上不同，这些变化与DYNAMO期间观测到的云和降水场的演变有对应的关系。研究的更广泛的影响包括多名研究生参与现场活动和数据分析。一个成功的迪纳摩运动将导致对热带对流、MJO的可预测性以及MJO对美国和其他地区天气的下游影响的了解。

The Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign is the US component of an international experiment in late 2011/early 2012 in the Indian Ocean, the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability (CINDY2011). The overarching goal of DYNAMO is to expedite understanding of processes key to MJO initiation over the Indian Ocean and to improve simulation and prediction of the MJO. The field campaign will include multiple radars, atmospheric sounding sites, a research aircraft, multiple research vessels, and oceanic measurements. The three main hypotheses of DYNAMO are: 1) Deep convection can be organized into an MJO convective envelope only when the moist layer has become sufficiently deep over a region of the MJO scale; the pace at which this moistening occurs determines the duration of the pre-onset state, 2) Specific convective populations at different stages are essential to MJO initiation, and 3) The barrier layer, wind- and shear-driven mixing, shallow thermocline, and mixing-layer entrainment all play essential roles in MJO initiation in the Indian Ocean by controlling the upper-ocean heat content and SST, and thereby surface flux feedbackThis award is for planning and implementation of the sounding network for DYNAMO, as well as follow up quality control and analysis. The DYNAMO sounding network will consist of four locations: Gan, Diego Garcia, and two research vessels. The researchers will plan the sounding network for DYNAMO and establish a sounding data monitoring system which will be used for field quality control of the data and preparation of quick-look products. After the campaign, the team will prepare large-scale forcing fields for the DYNAMO modeling community, as well as conduct diagnostic studies involving the divergence and diabatic heating profiles and the boundary layer evolution through the life cycle of the MJO. These tasks will help to address Hypotheses 1 and 2 of the DYNAMO campaign. In addition to the overarching DYNAMO hypotheses, the researchers have identified two others that they plan to test: 1) The pre-onset (moistening or pre-conditioning) phase of the MJO over the Indian Ocean, rather than exhibiting a gradual, steady build-up of moisture in the lower troposphere, is characterized by a stepwise evolution of the moisture field, which is related to the development of distinct cloud populations, and 2) The mixed-layer depth and its properties over the central Indian Ocean vary on the timescale of the MJO and these variations have corresponding relationships to the evolving cloud and precipitation fields observed during DYNAMO.The broader impacts of the research include the involvement of multiple graduate students in the field campaign and data analysis. A successful DYNAMO campaign would lead to improved understanding of tropical convection, the predictability of the MJO, and downstream effects of the MJO on weather in the United States and other areas.