Supporting Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO)

马登-朱利安涛动（DYNAMO）场运动的动力学是2011年底/ 2012年初在印度洋进行的国际实验——印度洋季节内变率合作实验（CINDY2011）的美国组成部分。DYNAMO的总体目标是加快对印度洋MJO形成的关键过程的理解，并改进对MJO的模拟和预测。实地考察活动将包括多部雷达、大气探测站点、一架研究飞机、多艘研究船和海洋测量。DYNAMO的三个主要假设是：1)只有当湿层在MJO尺度上足够深时，深层对流才能组织成MJO对流包络；2)不同阶段的特定对流种群对MJO的形成至关重要；3)阻挡层、风切变混合、浅层温跃层和混合层夹带通过控制上层海洋热含量和海温对印度洋MJO的形成起重要作用。该奖项资助了DYNAMO领域运动首席科学家的活动。首席科学家的作用主要包括保证大型、多机构、国际实地运动成功所需的组织和协调活动。要支持的活动分为部署前、部署和部署后阶段。在部署前阶段（2011年10月之前），主要任务是帮助完成DYNAMO现场活动的准备工作，并与CINDY2011的国际合作伙伴协调，最终确定实验设计和现场责任。职责包括监督外地业务计划的制定；组织疫情预测和监测活动；记录印度洋地区的气候学，特别是使用新的卫星数据集；协调国际活动和数据访问规则。在部署阶段（2011年10月至2012年3月），首席科学家将参与实地活动，监测活动区域的大规模条件，加入一个咨询小组，帮助制定雷达和飞机操作决策，并为欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的预测和分析提供实时评估。与ECMWF的合作是首席科学家建立的合作的一部分，其中ECMWF将为DYNAMO提供高分辨率天气预报和分析产品，首席科学家将（通过该提案）支持一名博士后，该博士后将对ECMWF进行长期访问，以研究DYNAMO收集的数据对中期预报的影响程度。在部署后阶段，首席科学家将监督DYNAMO数据政策的实施，组织DYNAMO数据和建模研讨会，在国家和国际会议上提议和召集DYNAMO特别会议，总结和发布现场后数据分析所需的材料，包括与DYNAMO相关的气候背景，现场活动期间的大规模条件，以及DYNAMO的一般描述。在这里进行的工作将通过确保成功地收集和尽可能广泛地传播实地观测结果而产生更广泛的科学影响。通过发展美国和国际科学家之间的联系，这项工作还具有更广泛的科学影响。此外，首席科学家将通过一项旅行研究金计划监督将研究生带到实地的工作，希望参加该活动的学生将申请旅行支助，被选中的学生将接受培训，并被分配协助收集实地数据，主要使用雷达和无线电探空气球。该项目还将资助一名研究生和一名博士后。最后，这项工作支持DYNAMO改进MJO预测的目标，并且考虑到MJO对全球天气模式的影响，改进MJO预测将具有巨大的社会价值。

AbstractThe Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign is the US component of an international experiment in late 2011/early 2012 in the Indian Ocean, the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability (CINDY2011). The overarching goal of DYNAMO is to expedite understanding of processes key to MJO initiation over the Indian Ocean and to improve simulation and prediction of the MJO. The field campaign will include multiple radars, atmospheric sounding sites, a research aircraft, multiple research vessels, and oceanic measurements.The three main hypotheses of DYNAMO are: 1) Deep convection can be organized into an MJO convective envelope only when the moist layer has become sufficiently deep over a region of the MJO scale; the pace at which this moistening occurs determines the duration of the pre-onset state, 2) Specific convective populations at different stages are essential to MJO initiation, and 3) The barrier layer, wind- and shear-driven mixing, shallow thermocline, and mixing-layer entrainment all play essential roles in MJO initiation in the Indian Ocean by controlling the upper-ocean heat content and SST, and thereby surface flux feedbackThis award funds the activities of the Chief Scientist of the DYNAMO field campaign. The role of Chief Scientist consists largely of the organization and coordination activities required to guarantee the success of a large, multi-agency, international field campaign. Activities to be supported are divided into pre-deployment, deployment, and post-deployment phases. In the pre-deployment phase (prior to October 2011), the main tasks are to help complete the preparation for the DYNAMO field campaign and coordinate with international partners of CINDY2011 to finalize the experimental design and field responsibilities. Duties include overseeing the development of a field operations plan; organizing forecast and monitoring activities for the campaign; documenting the climatology of the Indian Ocean region, particularly using new satellite datasets; and coordinating international activities and data access rules.During the deployment phase (October 2011 to March 2012), the Chief Scientist will participate in the field campaign by monitoring large-scale conditions in the region of the campaign, joining an advisory team to help make decisions on radar and aircraft operations, and providing the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with real-time evaluation for its forecast and analysis. The work with ECMWF is part of a collaboration the Chief Scientist has established in which ECMWF will provide its high-resolution weather forecast and analysis products for DYNAMO, and the Chief Scientist will (though this proposal) support a postdoc who will make an extended visit to ECMWF to conduct research on the extent to which data collected in DYNAMO has an impact on medium-range forecasts.In the post-deployment phase, the Chief Scientist will oversee the implementation of the DYNAMO data policy, organize DYNAMO data and modeling workshops, propose and convene DYNAMO special sessions at national and international conferences, summarize and publish materials necessary for post-field data analysis, including climate background relevant to DYNAMO, large-scale conditions during the field campaign, and general descriptions of DYNAMO.The work performed here will have broader scientific impacts by ensuring that the field observations will be collected successfully and disseminated as broadly as possible. The work also has broader scientific impacts through the development of links between US and international scientists. In addition, the Chief Scientist will oversee an effort to bring graduate students to the field through a travel fellowship program, in which students wishing to participate in the campaign apply for travel support, and those selected receive training and are assigned to assist in collecting field data, primarily using radars and radiosonde balloons. The project will also support a graduate student and a postdoc. Finally, the work supports the DYNAMO goal of improving predictions of the MJO, and improved MJO forecasts would have great societal value given the MJO's impact on weather patterns around the globe.