NeTS: Large: Collaborative Research: Measuring and Modeling the Dynamics of IPv4 Address Exhaustion

NeTS：大型：协作研究：IPv4 地址耗尽动态的测量和建模

• 批准号: 1111699
• 负责人: Michael Bailey
• 金额: $ 119.99万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-08-01 至 2015-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1111699&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: NeTS; Large; Collaborative; Research; Measuring

Today's Internet has some 1.7 billion users, fosters an estimated $1.5 trillion in annual global economic benefits, and is widely agreed to offer a staggering array of societal benefits. The network sees enormous demand---on the order of 40 Tbps of inter-domain traffic and an annual growth rate of 44.5%. Remarkably, in spite of the Internet's importance and rapid growth, the core protocols that support its basic functions (i.e., addressing, naming, routing) have seen little fundamental change over time.However, the Internet is now in the midst of its first fundamentally disruptive modification: a phase transition imposing extensive changes throughout the network's vast set of components. On the 3rd of February, 2011 the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) allocated the five remaining blocks of IPv4 address space to the five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). This event was a watershed moment for the Internet, in that it represented the exhaustion of the Internet's pool of unallocated IPv4 addresses. While eliminating poor utilization of existing allocated IPv4 address space and application of techniques for IPv4 address re-use (i.e., Network to Address Translation (NAT) and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)) will likely provide short term relief, the eventual scarcity of this critical Internet resource will be a strong catalyst for change.This project seeks to validate the hypothesis that the scarcity of IPv4 addresses and accompanying solutions will have profound effects on the Internet and many of its vital properties, including heterogeneity, openness, security, scalability, reliability, availability, concurrency and transparency. This project's efforts to understand these impacts are divided into three broad areas: (i) studies of the dynamics by which IPv4 addresses are allocated and how these address resources are subsequently used, (ii) understanding the near-term coping mechanisms and transition technologies (e.g., carrier grade NAT, tunneling), and (iii) observing the adoption of longer-term solutions (i.e., the new version of the Internet Protocol, IPv6). To pursue the above goals this project has formed a cross-organizational team of researchers with a long history of scientific Internet measurement (University of Michigan, International Computer Science Institute). The project is bolstered by a substantial supporting team that includes ISPs (AT&T, Merit Networks, Inc.), Internet number resource registries (APNIC, ARIN, AFRINIC, RIPE NCC, and LACNIC), and infrastructure providers (Verisign, Packet Clearing House, Arbor Networks) who will provide access to massive, often unique data.Intellectual Merit: Such measurement---at-scale and across numerous core Internet protocols---presents not only a technical challenge in itself, but offers a once-in-a-generation opportunity to view massive, distributed systems under scarcity and transition. The behaviors observed will inform not only the development of global distributed systems, but also the sciences of network architecture and design, network protocols, and mobile networks. Specific areas of study in these domains potentially include: address transfers, address reclamation, address pollution, address allocation policies and allocation policy abuse, new address space topologies, addresses and identity, dynamic addressing, addressing and routing, addressing and mobility, transition strategies, adoption incentives, adoption tipping points, balkanization in transition, adoption measurement, negative adoption incentives.Broader Impact: For many the Internet has become a ubiquitous aspect of everyday life. A major impact of this work will be directly ensuring the availability and reliability of the Internet through instrumentation, data sharing, and problem diagnosis with operators and networks throughout the global network as it undergoes this singular phase in its functioning. Further, in the spirit of scientific exploration commensurate with this unique phenomenon and measurement, this project will make available the extensive data collected as a means to spur scientific research beyond the specific research of the project team. Finally, based on the observations and studies, this project will develop principles guiding the development of new, more resilient network architectures and protocols.

今天的互联网拥有约17亿用户，每年为全球带来约1.5万亿美元的经济效益，并被广泛认为提供了一系列惊人的社会效益。该网络看到了巨大的需求-大约40 Tbps的域间流量和44.5%的年增长率。值得注意的是，尽管互联网的重要性和快速增长，支持其基本功能的核心协议（即，然而，互联网现在正处于第一次根本性的颠覆性变革之中：一个阶段性转变，在网络的大量组件中施加了广泛的变化。2011年2月3日，互联网域名管理局（IANA）将剩余的5块IPv4地址空间分配给了5个区域互联网注册管理机构（RIR）。这一事件是互联网的一个分水岭，因为它代表了互联网未分配IPv4地址池的枯竭。在消除现有分配的IPv4地址空间的不良利用和IPv4地址重用技术的应用（即，网络地址转换（NAT）和动态主机配置协议（DHCP））可能会提供短期的缓解，但这一关键互联网资源的最终稀缺将是变革的强有力催化剂。本项目旨在验证IPv4地址的稀缺及其解决方案将对互联网及其许多重要属性产生深远影响的假设，包括异构性、开放性、安全性、可扩展性、可靠性、可用性、并发性和透明性。本项目旨在了解这些影响的工作分为三大领域：（i）研究IPv4地址分配的动态以及这些地址资源随后如何使用，（ii）了解近期应对机制和过渡技术（例如，运营商级NAT、隧道），以及（iii）观察长期解决方案的采用（即，新版本的互联网协议IPv6）。为了实现上述目标，该项目组建了一个跨组织的研究人员团队，他们在科学互联网测量方面有着悠久的历史（密歇根大学国际计算机科学研究所）。该项目由一个庞大的支持团队支持，其中包括ISP（AT T，Merit Networks，Inc.），互联网号码资源注册处（APNIC、ARIN、AFRINIC、RIPE NCC和LACNIC）和基础设施提供商（Verisign，Packet Clearing House，Arbor Networks），这些公司将提供对大量且通常是唯一的数据的访问。这样的测量--大规模和跨众多核心互联网协议--本身不仅是一个技术挑战，而且提供了一代人一次的机会来查看大规模的，稀缺与变迁下的分布式系统所观察到的行为不仅将为全球分布式系统的发展提供信息，而且还将为网络体系结构和设计、网络协议以及移动的网络的科学提供信息。这些领域的具体研究领域可能包括：地址转移、地址回收、地址污染、地址分配政策和分配政策滥用、新的地址空间拓扑、地址和身份、动态寻址、寻址和路由、寻址和移动性、过渡战略、采用激励、采用临界点、过渡中的巴尔干化、采用测量、负面采用激励。对许多人来说，互联网已经成为日常生活中无处不在的一部分。这项工作的一个主要影响是，在互联网运行的这一独特阶段，通过与全球网络的运营商和网络进行仪表化、数据共享和问题诊断，直接确保互联网的可用性和可靠性。此外，本着与这一独特现象和测量相称的科学探索精神，该项目将提供收集的广泛数据，作为一种手段，以促进项目小组具体研究之外的科学研究。最后，根据观察和研究，该项目将制定指导开发新的、更具弹性的网络架构和协议的原则。