FESD Type 1: Sun to Ice--Impacts on Earth of Extreme Solar Events

“太阳到冰”是一个为期5年的研究项目，探索我们的太阳产生的极端事件及其对地球的影响。 该项目汇集了来自许多不同学科的科学家，以解决一个对我们社会日益重要的问题：太阳活动的哪些极端情况会对地球产生强大的空间气象影响，从而对社会构成风险？ 几十年的研究为这项研究做好了准备。 我们知道，太阳能够产生爆炸事件，这些事件产生危险的高能带电粒子流，这些粒子流可以在稍后到达地球。 我们还知道，这些太阳粒子会猛烈撞击我们的大气层，影响其化学性质，包括臭氧层。 这些粒子也会破坏我们日常生活中所依赖的卫星系统（GPS、通信等），并对宇航员甚至飞机乘客造成辐射风险。 然而，我们只在过去50年的太空时代测量了这些事件，与太阳和太阳系的年龄相比，时间很短。 “太阳到冰”通过详细研究太阳与地球之间的物理过程，调查极端太阳事件及其对地球的影响。 该项目将研究太阳爆发如何导致称为日冕物质抛射的巨大物质爆炸，以及一旦它们离开太阳，它们如何在太空中演变。 它研究了这些极端太阳事件加速带电粒子的过程以及这些粒子如何从太阳传输到地球。它还研究这些危险的带电粒子如何进入地球大气层以及它们如何改变其化学性质。 最后，它将研究这些事件的化学特征如何记录在极地附近的冰中。通过确认极端太阳活动与冰芯记录之间的联系，深冰芯可以作为一种手段来揭示古代太阳活动的历史，并确定极端太阳活动的范围。 该项目寻求在跨越空间物理学、大气和冰芯科学之间界限的各种复杂和相互关联的系统中取得突破，从而深入了解极端事件的起源及其对地球的影响。

"Sun-to-Ice" is a 5-year research project that explores extreme events generated by our Sun and their effects on the Earth. The project draws together scientists from many different disciplines to tackle a question of growing importance to our society: What are the extremes of solar activity that produce powerful space weather effects at Earth which pose risks to society? Decades of research have prepared the undertaking of this study. We know that the Sun is capable of creating explosive events and that these events generate dangerous streams of energetic charged particles that can arrive at the Earth moments later. We also know that these solar particles can slam into our atmosphere and affect its chemistry, including in the ozone layer. These same particles can cripple satellite systems we depend on in everyday life (GPS, communications, etc.), and pose radiation risks to astronauts and even to airline passengers. However, we only have measured such events during the space age over the past 50 years, a brief wink of time compared to the age of the Sun and solar system. "Sun-to-Ice" investigates extreme solar events and their effects on Earth by detailed studies of the physical processes linking the Sun to Earth. The project will study how solar eruptions lead to giant blasts of material called coronal mass ejections and how they evolve in space once they leave the Sun. It investigates the processes by which these extreme solar events accelerate charged particles and how these particles are transported from the Sun to Earth. It also studies how these dangerous charged particles enter the Earth's atmosphere and how they change its chemical properties. Finally, it will study how chemical signatures of these events are recorded in ice near the poles. By confirming a link between extreme solar activity and the ice core record, deep ice cores can thus be used as a means for unraveling the history of ancient solar activity and establishing the range of extreme solar events. This project seeks to make breakthroughs in diverse, complex and interlinked systems that cross the boundaries between space physics, atmospheric, and ice core science, yielding insights into the genesis of extreme events and their impact on Earth.