Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Ychsma Community Construction: Dietary Practices, Rituals and Group Identity

博士论文改进补助金：Ychsma 社区建设：饮食习惯、仪式和群体认同

• 批准号: 1143568
• 负责人: Kelly Knudson
• 金额: $ 2万
• 依托单位: Arizona State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-01-15 至 2014-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1143568&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Ychsma

Communities are dynamic phenomena created through the social practices and interactions of diverse individual members. Ancient communities, however, often are portrayed as internally uniform social groups linked to specific archaeological sites. Under the supervision of Dr. Kelly Knudson, Sara Marsteller will use bioarchaeological evidence of social practices associated with specific individuals to investigate the complexities of community identity formation within the Ychsma society of the central Peruvian coast during the period between AD 900-1470. Across the world today communities both act as decision making entities and serve to influence individual member's behavior. Given their central role they constitute an important object for scientific study. This proposed research will provide insight how such entities can be understood in a cross cultural perspective and how they developed over time.Specifically, the project will examine three important aspects of community formation: (1) the relationship between geographic space and symbolic community boundaries, (2) the influence of diverse subgroups within the community on community boundary formation, and (3) the negotiation of community boundaries by outsiders. Using the Ychsma society of Peru as a case study, Ms. Marsteller's analyses will focus on dietary practices and mortuary rituals as social practices potentially used to signify Ychsma community identity. She will reconstruct dietary practices through osteological analyses of patterns of dental disease and tooth wear and through chemical analyses of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes from archaeological human tissue samples. Ms. Marsteller will reconstruct mortuary rituals associated with specific individuals through the analysis of body treatment and positioning, grave goods and structure, and burial location.Current archaeological research on communities argues that individual members were responsible for the creation and transformation of past communities. Ms. Marsteller's project will build on this research to demonstrate how diverse community members' actions can be revealed with bioarchaeological data from human skeletal remains and their associated burial contexts. At a regional level, the project seeks to develop a more holistic perspective of Ychsma social relationships during the Late Intermediate Period (AD 900-1470). Such a perspective will further understanding of the degree to which later sociopolitical changes brought about by Inka imperial expansion and Spanish colonization impacted local indigenous groups. Additionally, Ms. Marsteller's study will examine the role of Ychsma commoners in sociopolitical interactions, and thus will complement previous investigations of Ychsma social organization that focus on ethnohistoric and archaeological data associated with the Ychsma elite.Ms. Marsteller's project will have broader impacts beyond its research goals. The research will generate and synthesize multiple types of bioarchaeological data for use by the anthropological community. All results will be made available via English and Spanish publications in peer-reviewed journals and online for public use. In addition, one Peruvian and two North American undergraduate students will receive research experience and hands-on training in bioarchaeological field or laboratory methods for use in their future careers. Finally, the project will initiate international collaborations among researchers from two Peruvian institutions--the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos and the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Arqueología e Historia del Peru--and Arizona State University.

社区是通过不同个体成员的社会实践和互动而产生的动态现象。然而，古代社区往往被描绘成与特定考古遗址有联系的内部统一的社会群体。在Kelly Knudson博士的监督下，Sara Marsteller将使用与特定个人相关的社会实践的生物考古学证据，调查公元900-1470年期间秘鲁中部海岸Ychsma社会中社区身份形成的复杂性。在当今世界，社区既充当决策实体，又影响个体成员的行为。由于它们的核心作用，它们构成了科学研究的重要对象。这项拟议的研究将提供洞察这些实体如何可以在跨文化的角度来理解，以及他们如何随着时间的推移而发展。具体来说，该项目将研究社区形成的三个重要方面：（1）地理空间与象征性群落边界的关系;（2）群落内部不同亚群对群落边界形成的影响;（3）外来者对社区边界的谈判。以秘鲁的Ychsma社会为案例研究，Marsteller女士的分析将侧重于饮食习俗和丧葬仪式，这些社会习俗可能被用来表明Ychsma社区的身份。她将通过对牙齿疾病和牙齿磨损模式的骨骼学分析，以及通过对考古人类组织样本中稳定的碳和氮同位素的化学分析，重建饮食习惯。Marsteller女士将通过对尸体处理和定位、坟墓物品和结构以及埋葬地点的分析，重建与特定个体相关的丧葬仪式。目前对社区的考古研究认为，个体成员对过去社区的创造和转变负有责任。Marsteller女士的项目将以这项研究为基础，展示如何通过人类骨骼遗骸及其相关埋葬环境的生物考古数据揭示不同社区成员的行动。在区域一级，该项目旨在发展一个更全面的观点Ychsma社会关系在中晚期（公元900-1470）。这种观点将进一步了解印加帝国扩张和西班牙殖民化所带来的社会政治变化对当地土著群体的影响程度。此外，Marsteller女士的研究将探讨Ychsma平民在社会政治互动中的作用，从而补充以前对Ychsma社会组织的调查，这些调查侧重于与Ychsma精英相关的民族历史和考古数据。Marsteller女士的项目将产生超出其研究目标的更广泛影响。这项研究将产生和综合多种类型的生物考古数据，供人类学界使用。所有结果将通过英文和西班牙文出版物在同行评审期刊和网上公布，供公众使用。此外，一名秘鲁和两名北美本科生将获得生物考古领域或实验室方法的研究经验和实践培训，以用于他们未来的职业生涯。最后，该项目将在秘鲁两个机构-圣马科斯国立大学和秘鲁国家人类学、考古学和历史博物馆-和亚利桑那州立大学的研究人员之间开展国际合作。