Redox and Structural Controls on Iron Isotopic Variations in Igneous Rocks

地球中存在的氧化程度升高是其可居住性的主要条件，允许存在自由氧和呼吸过程中使用的其他氧化物质，以维持人类和简单生命形式的活动。地球比其他行星（如火星）更容易被氧化，其原因尚不清楚。例如，土卫六的大气层（土卫六是土星最大的卫星）主要由氮气，甲烷和乙烷组成。此外，土卫六的表面覆盖着碳氢化合物湖。目前尚不清楚地球是否像今天这样诞生，或者它是否始于类似泰坦的大气层，并且氧化条件是在地球历史期间通过地质过程建立的。在这项研究中，将开发一种新的工具来测量地球的氧化条件。这些测量将在一个国家设施中使用和开发最先进的分析方法;位于高级光子源（阿贡国家实验室）的强X射线源。这项研究将提供关键的限制，为什么我们的星球是独一无二的，它将帮助我们了解在遥远的过去火山排放的性质。从长期来看，火山喷发的性质在气候调节中发挥了关键作用，并防止地球进入永久的雪球状态。岩浆的铁氧化态（即，Fe ~（3+）/Fe ~（2+）比值是追踪地球氧化还原演化的关键参数。不幸的是，地质过程，如同化，脱气，结晶和蚀变可以模糊这一记录。铁同位素提供了对地幔熔融条件的深入了解，这些条件不太容易受到这些次级过程的影响。一组具有实验岩石学，铁同位素地球化学和核共振振动光谱学专业知识的研究人员将校准氧化还原和结构条件对岩浆和矿物中亚铁（Fe 2+）和三价铁（Fe 3+）之间平衡同位素分馏的影响。这将为解释各时代火成岩的铁同位素变化和氧化还原条件提供一个坚实的框架。硅酸盐玻璃，橄榄石，尖晶石将研究的核共振非弹性X射线散射（NRIXS）技术，以获得一个整体的看法，铁同位素分馏地幔和地壳熔融，以及镁铁质和长英质岩浆分异。通过在氧逸度范围内产生的流纹测量玄武岩，将允许参数化的铁平衡分馏因素的岩浆考虑到参数，如Fe 3 +/Fetot比和NBO/T（非桥氧每四面体配位阳离子，硅酸盐熔体聚合的措施）预测矿物和熔体之间的平衡Fe同位素分馏。

The elevated degree of oxidation present in the Earth is a major condition of its habitability, allowing the existence of free oxygen and other oxidized species used during respiration to sustain activity in human beings and simpler life forms. Earth is more oxidized than other planetary bodies such as Mars and the reason for this is not well understood. For example, Titan's atmosphere (Titan is the largest moon of Saturn) is composed primarily of nitrogen, methane and ethane. In addition, Titan's surface is covered with lakes of hydrocarbons. It is not known whether Earth was born like it is today or whether it started with a Titan-like atmosphere and the oxidized conditions were established during Earth's history through geological processes. In this study, a new tool will be developed to measure the oxidation conditions of Earth through time. The measurements will use and develop cutting edge analytical methods at a national facility; the intense X-ray source located at the Advanced Photon Source (Argonne National Laboratory). This study will provide critical constraints on why our planet is unique and it will help us understand the nature of volcanic emissions in the distant past. On long timescales, the nature of volcanic emissions has played a key role in climate regulation and prevented the Earth from going into a permanent snowball state. The iron oxidation state of magmas (i.e., Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio) is a key parameter to trace the redox evolution of the Earth. Unfortunately, geological processes such as assimilation, degassing, crystallization, and alteration can blur this record. Iron isotopes provide insight into the conditions of mantle melting that are less susceptible to these secondary processes. A team of investigators with expertise in experimental petrology, iron isotope geochemistry, and nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy will calibrate the effects of redox and structural conditions on equilibrium isotopic fractionation between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) iron in magmas and minerals. This will provide a solid framework for interpreting iron isotopic variations and redox conditions in igneous rocks of all ages. Silicate glass, olivine, and spinel will be studied by the Nuclear Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (NRIXS) technique to get a holistic view of iron isotopic fractionation during mantle and crustal melting, as well as mafic and felsic magma differentiation. Measurements of basalts through rhyolites produced under a range of oxygen fugacities, will allow the parameterization of iron equilibrium fractionation factors of magmas taking into account parameters such as Fe3+/Fetot ratio and NBO/T (nonbridging oxygen per tetrahedrally coordinated cation, a measure of polymerization of a silicate melt) to predict equilibrium Fe isotopic fractionation between minerals and melts.